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俗話說,病從口入。你吃下去的食物,不僅影響你的腰圍,還會(huì)影響你的情緒。最新研究表明,飲食習(xí)慣對人的衰老速度也有重要影響。
目前已有多項(xiàng)研究探索了常見飲食與衰老之間的聯(lián)系。有研究表明,地中海飲食能夠減緩衰老進(jìn)程。另外,一些富含抗氧化劑、維生素E和膽堿等營養(yǎng)成份的食物——比如堅(jiān)果、雞蛋和魚類,也對人的認(rèn)知健康有一定的保護(hù)效果。那么,哪些食物會(huì)加劇衰老呢?
菲尼克斯大學(xué)護(hù)理學(xué)院的院長、營養(yǎng)師瑞琳?布魯克斯博士指出:“典型的美式飲食中含有大量的糖、鹽、脂肪、防腐劑以及各種化合物。這些食物都會(huì)引發(fā)炎癥反應(yīng),對我們的 DNA 產(chǎn)生負(fù)面影響,進(jìn)而導(dǎo)致衰老?!?/p>
下面這6種食物可能會(huì)加劇你的衰老速度。
1.咖啡
你是一個(gè)咖啡控,早上不喝咖啡就沒精神?那你最好節(jié)制一下,每天不要喝太多杯。
與不常喝咖啡的人相比,每天喝6杯咖啡以上的人,往往腦容量更小,患癡呆癥的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)也比不喝咖啡的人高出53%。有研究甚至發(fā)現(xiàn),每攝入100 毫克咖啡因(相當(dāng)于喝一杯咖啡),就會(huì)導(dǎo)致衰老加速 2.4 年。聽著雖然嚇人,不過你或許并不需要戒掉那杯起床咖啡。
塔夫茨大學(xué)讓梅耶USDA人類衰老問題營養(yǎng)研究中心心血管營養(yǎng)研究團(tuán)隊(duì)負(fù)責(zé)人艾麗絲·利希滕斯坦博士指出:“還有更多研究表明,喝咖啡對人體是有益的?!?/p>
一些研究表明,適量飲用咖啡對健康有很多好處,比如可以增強(qiáng)肌肉力量、降低患心血管疾病的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)等等。一些研究甚至發(fā)現(xiàn),每天喝1.5至3.5杯咖啡的人,在研究周期內(nèi)的死亡概率要比不喝咖啡的人低21% 。
2.乳制品
喝牛奶可以降低心血管疾病、骨質(zhì)疏松和結(jié)直腸癌的發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。但是近年來,越來越多的研究表明,乳制品也并非全然有益無害。
尤其值得注意的是全脂牛奶。全脂牛奶不僅會(huì)升高患前列腺癌和帕金森癥的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),并有可能加劇衰老,加速老年人的認(rèn)知水平下降。
菲尼克斯大學(xué)護(hù)理學(xué)院院長布魯克斯指出:“全脂牛奶的脂肪含量較高,有研究表明,高脂肪飲食會(huì)導(dǎo)致炎癥水平增高。一旦炎癥被觸發(fā)……細(xì)胞就無法高效再生,甚至?xí)_始退化。”
3.辛辣飲食
清淡飲食雖然健康,但確實(shí)寡淡無味。但要總是追求刺激口感,則有可能升高你患癡呆癥的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
有研究人員對一組中國的老年人進(jìn)行了長達(dá)15年的跟蹤調(diào)查,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),那些每天辣椒攝入量持續(xù)超過50克的人,其認(rèn)知得分要低于那些少吃辣的老年人。
這個(gè)問題對美國人來說倒不是什么大問題,因?yàn)橛?5%的美國人都表示自己喜歡“清淡”食物。另外,布魯克斯還建議,烹飪時(shí)要盡量選擇新鮮的調(diào)味料,而不是加工過的調(diào)味料。
她表示:“一些辣醬等包裝調(diào)料高鈉、高防腐劑,可能會(huì)對大腦健康產(chǎn)生影響。”
4.鈉
鈉對心臟有害,這已不是什么秘密。
利希滕斯坦指出:“對很多人來說,飲食中攝入過量的鈉會(huì)導(dǎo)致血壓升高,而高血壓會(huì)升高患中風(fēng)、心臟病和其他老年慢性病的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)?!?/p>
《美國膳食指南》建議每人每天攝入不超2300毫克鈉,不過大多數(shù)美國人的實(shí)際攝入量要多出50%以上,這可能是因?yàn)槎鄶?shù)調(diào)料、谷物制品和加工奶酪等加工食品中都含有鈉。而這些普通人注意不到的鈉攝入很可能正在損害你的大腦。
有研究將高鈉飲食定義為每天攝入超過12000毫克的鈉(大概相當(dāng)于 2.1 勺鹽)。高鈉飲食已被證實(shí)與認(rèn)識功能下降有關(guān),還會(huì)導(dǎo)致認(rèn)知受損風(fēng)險(xiǎn)升高330%以上。
5.碳水
就多吃碳水是好是壞這件事兒,科學(xué)界研究了這么久也沒有一個(gè)定論。高蛋白、低碳水的所謂“生酮飲食”,可能會(huì)加速你身體器官的老化,但也可能會(huì)提升大腦的表現(xiàn)(當(dāng)然,這只是有可能)。
盡管有關(guān)碳水的研究結(jié)果很矛盾,但有一點(diǎn)是很明確的:碳水化合物會(huì)引發(fā)炎癥反應(yīng),從而對健康產(chǎn)生負(fù)面影響。不過要想優(yōu)雅地老去,就一定得放棄碳水的快樂嗎?未必,最重要的還是那兩個(gè)字——“適度”。
6.代糖
不想老得快,就要少喝無糖汽水。
研究表明,每天喝一罐無糖汽水,會(huì)導(dǎo)致患癡呆癥的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加。代糖產(chǎn)品攝入越多,患心血管疾病(包括心梗、中風(fēng))的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)就越大。不過利希滕斯坦表示,代糖與相關(guān)疾病的關(guān)系“值得商榷”,有些鍋不該由代糖來背,而是應(yīng)該考慮有沒有其他風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素,比如是否食用了較多了紅肉、加工肉類以及加工食品。
對代糖的相關(guān)健康風(fēng)險(xiǎn),布魯克斯并不感到意外。
她表示:“代糖是人工合成的化學(xué)物質(zhì),其目的是欺騙大腦,讓大腦以為自己正在攝入糖分,但身體卻并未攝入任何熱量。不管任何時(shí)候,你攝入這種能刺激大腦并能引發(fā)炎癥的化合物,這都不會(huì)是什么好事?!保ㄘ?cái)富中文網(wǎng))
譯者:樸成奎
俗話說,病從口入。你吃下去的食物,不僅影響你的腰圍,還會(huì)影響你的情緒。最新研究表明,飲食習(xí)慣對人的衰老速度也有重要影響。
目前已有多項(xiàng)研究探索了常見飲食與衰老之間的聯(lián)系。有研究表明,地中海飲食能夠減緩衰老進(jìn)程。另外,一些富含抗氧化劑、維生素E和膽堿等營養(yǎng)成份的食物——比如堅(jiān)果、雞蛋和魚類,也對人的認(rèn)知健康有一定的保護(hù)效果。那么,哪些食物會(huì)加劇衰老呢?
菲尼克斯大學(xué)護(hù)理學(xué)院的院長、營養(yǎng)師瑞琳?布魯克斯博士指出:“典型的美式飲食中含有大量的糖、鹽、脂肪、防腐劑以及各種化合物。這些食物都會(huì)引發(fā)炎癥反應(yīng),對我們的 DNA 產(chǎn)生負(fù)面影響,進(jìn)而導(dǎo)致衰老?!?/p>
下面這6種食物可能會(huì)加劇你的衰老速度。
1.咖啡
你是一個(gè)咖啡控,早上不喝咖啡就沒精神?那你最好節(jié)制一下,每天不要喝太多杯。
與不常喝咖啡的人相比,每天喝6杯咖啡以上的人,往往腦容量更小,患癡呆癥的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)也比不喝咖啡的人高出53%。有研究甚至發(fā)現(xiàn),每攝入100 毫克咖啡因(相當(dāng)于喝一杯咖啡),就會(huì)導(dǎo)致衰老加速 2.4 年。聽著雖然嚇人,不過你或許并不需要戒掉那杯起床咖啡。
塔夫茨大學(xué)讓梅耶USDA人類衰老問題營養(yǎng)研究中心心血管營養(yǎng)研究團(tuán)隊(duì)負(fù)責(zé)人艾麗絲·利希滕斯坦博士指出:“還有更多研究表明,喝咖啡對人體是有益的?!?/p>
一些研究表明,適量飲用咖啡對健康有很多好處,比如可以增強(qiáng)肌肉力量、降低患心血管疾病的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)等等。一些研究甚至發(fā)現(xiàn),每天喝1.5至3.5杯咖啡的人,在研究周期內(nèi)的死亡概率要比不喝咖啡的人低21% 。
2.乳制品
喝牛奶可以降低心血管疾病、骨質(zhì)疏松和結(jié)直腸癌的發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。但是近年來,越來越多的研究表明,乳制品也并非全然有益無害。
尤其值得注意的是全脂牛奶。全脂牛奶不僅會(huì)升高患前列腺癌和帕金森癥的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),并有可能加劇衰老,加速老年人的認(rèn)知水平下降。
菲尼克斯大學(xué)護(hù)理學(xué)院院長布魯克斯指出:“全脂牛奶的脂肪含量較高,有研究表明,高脂肪飲食會(huì)導(dǎo)致炎癥水平增高。一旦炎癥被觸發(fā)……細(xì)胞就無法高效再生,甚至?xí)_始退化?!?/p>
3.辛辣飲食
清淡飲食雖然健康,但確實(shí)寡淡無味。但要總是追求刺激口感,則有可能升高你患癡呆癥的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
有研究人員對一組中國的老年人進(jìn)行了長達(dá)15年的跟蹤調(diào)查,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),那些每天辣椒攝入量持續(xù)超過50克的人,其認(rèn)知得分要低于那些少吃辣的老年人。
這個(gè)問題對美國人來說倒不是什么大問題,因?yàn)橛?5%的美國人都表示自己喜歡“清淡”食物。另外,布魯克斯還建議,烹飪時(shí)要盡量選擇新鮮的調(diào)味料,而不是加工過的調(diào)味料。
她表示:“一些辣醬等包裝調(diào)料高鈉、高防腐劑,可能會(huì)對大腦健康產(chǎn)生影響?!?/p>
4.鈉
鈉對心臟有害,這已不是什么秘密。
利希滕斯坦指出:“對很多人來說,飲食中攝入過量的鈉會(huì)導(dǎo)致血壓升高,而高血壓會(huì)升高患中風(fēng)、心臟病和其他老年慢性病的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。”
《美國膳食指南》建議每人每天攝入不超2300毫克鈉,不過大多數(shù)美國人的實(shí)際攝入量要多出50%以上,這可能是因?yàn)槎鄶?shù)調(diào)料、谷物制品和加工奶酪等加工食品中都含有鈉。而這些普通人注意不到的鈉攝入很可能正在損害你的大腦。
有研究將高鈉飲食定義為每天攝入超過12000毫克的鈉(大概相當(dāng)于 2.1 勺鹽)。高鈉飲食已被證實(shí)與認(rèn)識功能下降有關(guān),還會(huì)導(dǎo)致認(rèn)知受損風(fēng)險(xiǎn)升高330%以上。
5.碳水
就多吃碳水是好是壞這件事兒,科學(xué)界研究了這么久也沒有一個(gè)定論。高蛋白、低碳水的所謂“生酮飲食”,可能會(huì)加速你身體器官的老化,但也可能會(huì)提升大腦的表現(xiàn)(當(dāng)然,這只是有可能)。
盡管有關(guān)碳水的研究結(jié)果很矛盾,但有一點(diǎn)是很明確的:碳水化合物會(huì)引發(fā)炎癥反應(yīng),從而對健康產(chǎn)生負(fù)面影響。不過要想優(yōu)雅地老去,就一定得放棄碳水的快樂嗎?未必,最重要的還是那兩個(gè)字——“適度”。
6.代糖
不想老得快,就要少喝無糖汽水。
研究表明,每天喝一罐無糖汽水,會(huì)導(dǎo)致患癡呆癥的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加。代糖產(chǎn)品攝入越多,患心血管疾?。òㄐ墓?、中風(fēng))的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)就越大。不過利希滕斯坦表示,代糖與相關(guān)疾病的關(guān)系“值得商榷”,有些鍋不該由代糖來背,而是應(yīng)該考慮有沒有其他風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素,比如是否食用了較多了紅肉、加工肉類以及加工食品。
對代糖的相關(guān)健康風(fēng)險(xiǎn),布魯克斯并不感到意外。
她表示:“代糖是人工合成的化學(xué)物質(zhì),其目的是欺騙大腦,讓大腦以為自己正在攝入糖分,但身體卻并未攝入任何熱量。不管任何時(shí)候,你攝入這種能刺激大腦并能引發(fā)炎癥的化合物,這都不會(huì)是什么好事?!保ㄘ?cái)富中文網(wǎng))
譯者:樸成奎
You know that the foods you eat affect everything from your waistline to your mood. New research shows how your diet may also play a role in how well you age.
Several studies have explored the connection between popular diets and aging: The Mediterranean diet has been shown to slow the progression of aging, and foods rich in antioxidants and nutrients like vitamin E and choline—hello nuts, eggs, and fish—appear to have a protective effect on cognitive health. But what about foods that have the opposite effect?
“There’s a lot of sugar, fat, and salt, preservatives…and other chemical compounds [in a typical American diet],” says Raelene Brooks, PhD, RN, dietician and dean of the College of Nursing at the University of Phoenix. “Those types of foods lead to an inflammatory response that can affect our DNA in a negative way, which can lead to aging.”
These six foods could make you age faster:
1. Coffee
Need a java jolt to get going in the mornings? You might want to limit it to a couple of cups.
Coffee drinkers who consumed more than six cups of coffee per day tended to have smaller brain volume and a 53% higher risk of being diagnosed with dementia compared to coffee drinkers who filled their cups less often. Some research even found that each 100 mg of caffeine (about the equivalent of one cup of coffee) was linked to 2.4 years of accelerated aging. But you might not need to abandon your morning cup of Joe altogether.
“There are many more studies suggesting benefits of coffee,” explains Alice H. Lichtenstein, DSc, leader of the cardiovascular nutrition team at the Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University
In fact, moderate amounts of coffee have been linked to numerous health benefits from improved muscle strength to decreased risk of cardiovascular disease. Some research even found that those who drank between 1.5 and 3.5 cups of coffee per day were 21% less likely to die during the study period than non-coffee drinkers.
2. Dairy
Consuming milk has been associated with a lower risk of cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis, and colorectal cancer, but a growing number of studies have explored the downsides of dairy.
Whole milk might be especially problematic. In addition to higher rates of prostate cancer and Parkinson’s disease, it’s been linked to higher rates of cognitive decline in older adults and increased biological aging.
“Whole milk has a higher fat content, and there has been research linked to higher fat diets and inflammation,” Brooks says. “When inflammation gets triggered…the cells are not able to regenerate efficiently [and] start to degrade.”
3. Spicy foods
Bland diets are, well, bland, but adding too much spice to your food might put you at higher risk of developing dementia.
Researchers followed a group of older Chinese adults for 15 years and found that those who consistently consumed more than 50 grams (about ? cup) of chili per day had lower cognitive scores than those who ate less spicy meals.
It might not be a worrisome finding in the United States—45% of Americans expressed a preference for “mild” foods—so don’t go giving up the chili paste, hot peppers, and curry powder just yet. But Brooks does suggest opting for fresh spices instead of processed options.
“The combination of preservatives and sodium [in some packaged spices and hot sauces] could affect the brain,” she explains.
4. Sodium
It’s no secret that sodium is hard on your heart.
“In many people, excess dietary sodium increases blood pressure,” says Lichtenstein. “High blood pressure is associated with increased risk of stroke, heart disease, [and] age-related chronic diseases.”
The Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommend limiting sodium intake to 2,300 milligrams per day, but most Americans consume 50% more, possibly because sodium is hiding in foods ranging from condiments and cereal to processed cheese. Those sneaky sources of sodium may be harming your brain.
Diets that were high in sodium, which one study defined as greater than 12,000 milligrams (or 2.1 teaspoons) per day, were linked to lower cognitive function and a 330% increase in the risk of cognitive impairment.
5. Carbohydrates
Have a love-hate relationship with carbs? So does science. The high protein/low carb keto diet might make your organs age faster or it could improve brain performance (or not).
Even though the research is contradictory, one thing is clear: Carbohydrates trigger an inflammatory response, which has a negative impact on your health. But Brooks has one word for those who think aging well means giving up pasta and bread: “Moderation.”
6. Artificial sweetener
You might want to skip the diet soda.
Drinking one diet soda per day was associated with an increased risk of dementia, and higher artificial sweetener consumption was linked to increased cardiovascular disease risk, including heart attack and stroke. Lichtenstein calls the link “tenuous” and notes that it could be attributed to other risk factors, including diets higher in red and processed meats and ultra-processed foods.
Brooks is less surprised by the results.
“Artificial sweeteners are man-made chemicals designed to trick the brain into thinking it’s eating sugar but without the calories,” she says. “Anytime you’ve got that type of compound that’s triggering the brain [and causing] inflammation it’s a negative thing.”