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特朗普二次退出世衛(wèi)組織,對(duì)美國(guó)和全球有何影響?

美聯(lián)社
2025-01-26

這次“退群”可能會(huì)讓美國(guó)數(shù)十年來(lái)在抗擊艾滋病、瘧疾和結(jié)核病等領(lǐng)域取得的成果付諸東流。

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2025年1月20日,特朗普在就職儀式后,舉起了一份他剛剛簽署的行政令。圖片來(lái)源:GETTY IMAGES

重返白宮首日,特朗普便迫不及待地發(fā)布了一系列行政命令,其中之一就是退出世界衛(wèi)生組織——這也是美國(guó)不到5年內(nèi)第二次退出世衛(wèi)組織了。很多專家擔(dān)心,這次“退群”可能會(huì)讓美國(guó)數(shù)十年來(lái)在抗擊艾滋病、瘧疾和結(jié)核病等領(lǐng)域取得的成果付諸東流。

專家們還警告道,美國(guó)的“退群”行為可能會(huì)削弱全球防御有可能的新一輪疫情的能力。

現(xiàn)在就讓我們看一看,特朗普的決策將意味著什么。

發(fā)生了什么?

在重返白宮首日,特朗普簽署了一項(xiàng)行政令,畫好了美國(guó)退出世衛(wèi)組織的路線圖。

特朗普在簽署這份命令時(shí)還大呼小叫地說(shuō):“噢,這可是一件大事!”

特朗普要求,美國(guó)政府要停止向世衛(wèi)組織進(jìn)行資金轉(zhuǎn)移,召回并重新分配與世衛(wèi)組織合作的聯(lián)邦官員和承包商。他還要求有關(guān)部門“在國(guó)內(nèi)和國(guó)際確定透明可靠的合作伙伴,來(lái)承擔(dān)之前由世衛(wèi)組織負(fù)責(zé)的必要活動(dòng)?!?/p>

這已經(jīng)不是特朗普第一次退出世衛(wèi)組織了。2020年7月,就在世衛(wèi)組織宣布新冠疫情全球大流行的幾個(gè)月之后,就在全球病例激增之際,特朗普政府正式通知聯(lián)合國(guó)秘書長(zhǎng)古特雷斯,美國(guó)將退出世衛(wèi)組織,并停止向世衛(wèi)組織提供資金。

2021年1月,拜登在就任總統(tǒng)的第一天就推翻了特朗普的這一決定。而一向睚眥必報(bào)的特朗普當(dāng)然不會(huì)客氣,二次掌權(quán)的第一天就推翻了拜登關(guān)于推翻其決定的決定。

世衛(wèi)組織是干啥的,美國(guó)“退群”這事兒重要嗎?

世界衛(wèi)生組織是聯(lián)合國(guó)的專門衛(wèi)生機(jī)構(gòu),其職責(zé)是協(xié)調(diào)世界各國(guó)應(yīng)對(duì)各類全球性的健康威脅,比如猴痘、埃博拉病毒和小兒麻痹癥等等。世衛(wèi)組織還會(huì)向貧窮國(guó)家提供技術(shù)援助,協(xié)助分發(fā)稀缺的疫苗、醫(yī)療物資和藥品等。它還會(huì)針對(duì)幾百種疾病給出針對(duì)性的治療方針,包括心理疾病和癌癥等等。

喬治敦大學(xué)世衛(wèi)組織全球衛(wèi)生法合作中心主任勞倫斯?戈斯汀指出:“美國(guó)退出世衛(wèi)組織,會(huì)讓全世界的健康和安全水平大幅降低?!彼谝环怆娮余]件中表示,失去美國(guó)的資源支持,世衛(wèi)組織的全球監(jiān)測(cè)和疫情應(yīng)對(duì)能力將被大幅削弱。

新西蘭前總理海倫?克拉克指出,美國(guó)現(xiàn)在退出世衛(wèi)組織并不符合美國(guó)的利益,尤其是考慮到美國(guó)近期禽流感正在大范圍流行,甚至有可能演變?yōu)橐粓?chǎng)新疫情的“可怕情況”。

她還說(shuō)特朗普是個(gè)“攪局者”,一旦美國(guó)停止向世衛(wèi)組織提供資金,將給世衛(wèi)組織帶來(lái)“相當(dāng)大的沖擊”。

特朗普真的能讓美國(guó)“退群”嗎?

是的,只要他獲得了國(guó)會(huì)的批準(zhǔn),而且美國(guó)也履行了它對(duì)世衛(wèi)組織本財(cái)年的會(huì)費(fèi)義務(wù),美國(guó)就能成功“退群”。美國(guó)是通過1948年國(guó)會(huì)兩院通過的一項(xiàng)聯(lián)合決議加入世衛(wèi)組織的,該決議隨后得到了歷屆政府的支持。該決議要求,如果美國(guó)決定退出世衛(wèi)組織,需提前一年告知。

美國(guó)“退群”對(duì)世衛(wèi)組織意味著什么?

這對(duì)世衛(wèi)組織來(lái)說(shuō)是一個(gè)極其糟糕的消息,因?yàn)槊绹?guó)歷來(lái)是世衛(wèi)組織最大的出資國(guó)之一,它不僅為世衛(wèi)組織提供了數(shù)以億計(jì)的資金,還向它輸送了數(shù)以百計(jì)的專業(yè)的公共衛(wèi)生人才。

在過去十年間,美國(guó)每年都向世衛(wèi)組織提供1.6億美元到8.15億美元不等的資金。世衛(wèi)組織的年度預(yù)算大約在20億到30億美元之間。一旦少了美國(guó)的這筆資金支持,該組織的多項(xiàng)全球性衛(wèi)生計(jì)劃都有可能擱淺,包括根除脊髓灰質(zhì)炎的工作,一些母嬰健康項(xiàng)目,以及一些識(shí)別新型病毒的研究。

與世衛(wèi)組織合作的一些美國(guó)機(jī)構(gòu)也會(huì)受到影響——比如美國(guó)的疾控中心(CDC)。一旦“退群”成功,美國(guó)將無(wú)法參與世衛(wèi)組織協(xié)調(diào)的各項(xiàng)行動(dòng)——比如決定每年的流感疫苗的成分。另外,美國(guó)也將無(wú)法高效訪問由世衛(wèi)組織管理的基因數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)。這很可能會(huì)阻礙美國(guó)的疫苗和藥物的研發(fā)進(jìn)程。

特朗普為何堅(jiān)持“退群”?

在去年9月份的一場(chǎng)競(jìng)選活動(dòng)上,特朗普稱,他將“整治”世界衛(wèi)生組織等公共衛(wèi)生機(jī)構(gòu)的“腐敗問題”,因?yàn)檫@些機(jī)構(gòu)都被“看不見的手”操縱了。

疫情之初,世衛(wèi)組織確實(shí)犯過一些錯(cuò)誤,比如它建議人們可以不用戴口罩,并堅(jiān)稱新冠病毒不會(huì)通過空氣傳播。直到去年,世衛(wèi)組織才正式承認(rèn),新冠病毒確實(shí)可以通過空氣傳播。

在抗擊疫情期間,世衛(wèi)組織還遭遇了其歷史上最嚴(yán)重的性騷擾丑聞。據(jù)媒體披露,有數(shù)十名剛果女性曾遭到參與埃博拉疫情防控的醫(yī)務(wù)工作者的性騷擾或侵犯。美聯(lián)社也發(fā)現(xiàn),2019年此類事件剛剛發(fā)生時(shí),一些高級(jí)管理人員便已獲得通報(bào),但他們幾乎沒有采取措施加以制止,也沒有懲處施害者。

世衛(wèi)組織方面怎么說(shuō)?

世衛(wèi)組織在本周二發(fā)布的一份聲明中,對(duì)特朗普的決定表示“遺憾”。

世衛(wèi)組織表示:“我們希望美國(guó)重新考慮這個(gè)問題,我們也期待與美國(guó)開展建設(shè)性對(duì)話,以維持美國(guó)與世衛(wèi)組織的合作關(guān)系?!?/p>

世衛(wèi)組織還表示:“70多年來(lái),世衛(wèi)組織與美國(guó)聯(lián)手挽救了無(wú)數(shù)生命,在一些健康威脅到來(lái)時(shí),保護(hù)了美國(guó)乃至全世界的人民。我們攜手消滅了天花,也共同將脊髓灰質(zhì)炎推向了根除的邊緣?!?/p>

在本周二于日內(nèi)瓦舉行的新聞發(fā)布會(huì)上,世衛(wèi)組織發(fā)言人塔里克?賈薩雷維奇表示,2023年,美國(guó)提供的資金占到了世衛(wèi)組織預(yù)算的18%,是當(dāng)年度最大的單一捐助國(guó)。不過他拒絕透露美國(guó)的退出可能會(huì)對(duì)世衛(wèi)組織產(chǎn)生何種影響。(財(cái)富中文網(wǎng))

譯者:樸成奎

重返白宮首日,特朗普便迫不及待地發(fā)布了一系列行政命令,其中之一就是退出世界衛(wèi)生組織——這也是美國(guó)不到5年內(nèi)第二次退出世衛(wèi)組織了。很多專家擔(dān)心,這次“退群”可能會(huì)讓美國(guó)數(shù)十年來(lái)在抗擊艾滋病、瘧疾和結(jié)核病等領(lǐng)域取得的成果付諸東流。

專家們還警告道,美國(guó)的“退群”行為可能會(huì)削弱全球防御有可能的新一輪疫情的能力。

現(xiàn)在就讓我們看一看,特朗普的決策將意味著什么。

發(fā)生了什么?

在重返白宮首日,特朗普簽署了一項(xiàng)行政令,畫好了美國(guó)退出世衛(wèi)組織的路線圖。

特朗普在簽署這份命令時(shí)還大呼小叫地說(shuō):“噢,這可是一件大事!”

特朗普要求,美國(guó)政府要停止向世衛(wèi)組織進(jìn)行資金轉(zhuǎn)移,召回并重新分配與世衛(wèi)組織合作的聯(lián)邦官員和承包商。他還要求有關(guān)部門“在國(guó)內(nèi)和國(guó)際確定透明可靠的合作伙伴,來(lái)承擔(dān)之前由世衛(wèi)組織負(fù)責(zé)的必要活動(dòng)?!?/p>

這已經(jīng)不是特朗普第一次退出世衛(wèi)組織了。2020年7月,就在世衛(wèi)組織宣布新冠疫情全球大流行的幾個(gè)月之后,就在全球病例激增之際,特朗普政府正式通知聯(lián)合國(guó)秘書長(zhǎng)古特雷斯,美國(guó)將退出世衛(wèi)組織,并停止向世衛(wèi)組織提供資金。

2021年1月,拜登在就任總統(tǒng)的第一天就推翻了特朗普的這一決定。而一向睚眥必報(bào)的特朗普當(dāng)然不會(huì)客氣,二次掌權(quán)的第一天就推翻了拜登關(guān)于推翻其決定的決定。

世衛(wèi)組織是干啥的,美國(guó)“退群”這事兒重要嗎?

世界衛(wèi)生組織是聯(lián)合國(guó)的專門衛(wèi)生機(jī)構(gòu),其職責(zé)是協(xié)調(diào)世界各國(guó)應(yīng)對(duì)各類全球性的健康威脅,比如猴痘、埃博拉病毒和小兒麻痹癥等等。世衛(wèi)組織還會(huì)向貧窮國(guó)家提供技術(shù)援助,協(xié)助分發(fā)稀缺的疫苗、醫(yī)療物資和藥品等。它還會(huì)針對(duì)幾百種疾病給出針對(duì)性的治療方針,包括心理疾病和癌癥等等。

喬治敦大學(xué)世衛(wèi)組織全球衛(wèi)生法合作中心主任勞倫斯?戈斯汀指出:“美國(guó)退出世衛(wèi)組織,會(huì)讓全世界的健康和安全水平大幅降低?!彼谝环怆娮余]件中表示,失去美國(guó)的資源支持,世衛(wèi)組織的全球監(jiān)測(cè)和疫情應(yīng)對(duì)能力將被大幅削弱。

新西蘭前總理海倫?克拉克指出,美國(guó)現(xiàn)在退出世衛(wèi)組織并不符合美國(guó)的利益,尤其是考慮到美國(guó)近期禽流感正在大范圍流行,甚至有可能演變?yōu)橐粓?chǎng)新疫情的“可怕情況”。

她還說(shuō)特朗普是個(gè)“攪局者”,一旦美國(guó)停止向世衛(wèi)組織提供資金,將給世衛(wèi)組織帶來(lái)“相當(dāng)大的沖擊”。

特朗普真的能讓美國(guó)“退群”嗎?

是的,只要他獲得了國(guó)會(huì)的批準(zhǔn),而且美國(guó)也履行了它對(duì)世衛(wèi)組織本財(cái)年的會(huì)費(fèi)義務(wù),美國(guó)就能成功“退群”。美國(guó)是通過1948年國(guó)會(huì)兩院通過的一項(xiàng)聯(lián)合決議加入世衛(wèi)組織的,該決議隨后得到了歷屆政府的支持。該決議要求,如果美國(guó)決定退出世衛(wèi)組織,需提前一年告知。

美國(guó)“退群”對(duì)世衛(wèi)組織意味著什么?

這對(duì)世衛(wèi)組織來(lái)說(shuō)是一個(gè)極其糟糕的消息,因?yàn)槊绹?guó)歷來(lái)是世衛(wèi)組織最大的出資國(guó)之一,它不僅為世衛(wèi)組織提供了數(shù)以億計(jì)的資金,還向它輸送了數(shù)以百計(jì)的專業(yè)的公共衛(wèi)生人才。

在過去十年間,美國(guó)每年都向世衛(wèi)組織提供1.6億美元到8.15億美元不等的資金。世衛(wèi)組織的年度預(yù)算大約在20億到30億美元之間。一旦少了美國(guó)的這筆資金支持,該組織的多項(xiàng)全球性衛(wèi)生計(jì)劃都有可能擱淺,包括根除脊髓灰質(zhì)炎的工作,一些母嬰健康項(xiàng)目,以及一些識(shí)別新型病毒的研究。

與世衛(wèi)組織合作的一些美國(guó)機(jī)構(gòu)也會(huì)受到影響——比如美國(guó)的疾控中心(CDC)。一旦“退群”成功,美國(guó)將無(wú)法參與世衛(wèi)組織協(xié)調(diào)的各項(xiàng)行動(dòng)——比如決定每年的流感疫苗的成分。另外,美國(guó)也將無(wú)法高效訪問由世衛(wèi)組織管理的基因數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)。這很可能會(huì)阻礙美國(guó)的疫苗和藥物的研發(fā)進(jìn)程。

特朗普為何堅(jiān)持“退群”?

在去年9月份的一場(chǎng)競(jìng)選活動(dòng)上,特朗普稱,他將“整治”世界衛(wèi)生組織等公共衛(wèi)生機(jī)構(gòu)的“腐敗問題”,因?yàn)檫@些機(jī)構(gòu)都被“看不見的手”操縱了。

疫情之初,世衛(wèi)組織確實(shí)犯過一些錯(cuò)誤,比如它建議人們可以不用戴口罩,并堅(jiān)稱新冠病毒不會(huì)通過空氣傳播。直到去年,世衛(wèi)組織才正式承認(rèn),新冠病毒確實(shí)可以通過空氣傳播。

在抗擊疫情期間,世衛(wèi)組織還遭遇了其歷史上最嚴(yán)重的性騷擾丑聞。據(jù)媒體披露,有數(shù)十名剛果女性曾遭到參與埃博拉疫情防控的醫(yī)務(wù)工作者的性騷擾或侵犯。美聯(lián)社也發(fā)現(xiàn),2019年此類事件剛剛發(fā)生時(shí),一些高級(jí)管理人員便已獲得通報(bào),但他們幾乎沒有采取措施加以制止,也沒有懲處施害者。

世衛(wèi)組織方面怎么說(shuō)?

世衛(wèi)組織在本周二發(fā)布的一份聲明中,對(duì)特朗普的決定表示“遺憾”。

世衛(wèi)組織表示:“我們希望美國(guó)重新考慮這個(gè)問題,我們也期待與美國(guó)開展建設(shè)性對(duì)話,以維持美國(guó)與世衛(wèi)組織的合作關(guān)系?!?/p>

世衛(wèi)組織還表示:“70多年來(lái),世衛(wèi)組織與美國(guó)聯(lián)手挽救了無(wú)數(shù)生命,在一些健康威脅到來(lái)時(shí),保護(hù)了美國(guó)乃至全世界的人民。我們攜手消滅了天花,也共同將脊髓灰質(zhì)炎推向了根除的邊緣?!?/p>

在本周二于日內(nèi)瓦舉行的新聞發(fā)布會(huì)上,世衛(wèi)組織發(fā)言人塔里克?賈薩雷維奇表示,2023年,美國(guó)提供的資金占到了世衛(wèi)組織預(yù)算的18%,是當(dāng)年度最大的單一捐助國(guó)。不過他拒絕透露美國(guó)的退出可能會(huì)對(duì)世衛(wèi)組織產(chǎn)生何種影響。(財(cái)富中文網(wǎng))

譯者:樸成奎

U.S. President Donald Trump used one of the flurry of executive actions that he issued on his first day back in the White House to begin the process of withdrawing the U.S. from the World Health Organization for the second time in less than five years — a move many scientists fear could roll back decades-long gains made in fighting diseases like AIDS, malaria and tuberculosis.

Experts have also cautioned that withdrawing from the organization could weaken the world’s defenses against new outbreaks capable of triggering pandemics.

Here’s a look at what Trump’s decision means:

What happened?

During the first Oval Office appearance of his second term, Trump signed an executive order detailing how the withdrawal process might begin.

“Ooh,” Trump exclaimed as he was handed the action to sign. “That’s a big one!”

His move calls for pausing the future transfer of U.S. government funds to the organization, recalling and reassigning federal personnel and contractors working with WHO and calls on officials to “identify credible and transparent United States and international partners to assume necessary activities previously undertaken by” WHO.

This isn’t the first time Trump has tried to sever ties with WHO. In July 2020, several months after WHO declared COVID-19 to be a pandemic and as cases surged globally, Trump’s administration officially notified U.N. Secretary-General Antonio Guterres that the U.S. was planning to pull out of WHO, suspending funding to the agency.

President Joe Biden reversed Trump’s decision on his first day in office in January 2021 — only to have Trump essentially revive it on his first day back at the White House.

What is WHO and does this really matter?

It is the U.N.’s specialized health agency and is mandated to coordinate the world’s response to global health threats, including outbreaks of mpox, Ebola and polio. It also provides technical assistance to poorer countries, helps distribute scarce vaccines, supplies and treatments and sets guidelines for hundreds of health conditions, including mental health and cancer.

“A U.S. withdrawal from WHO would make the world far less healthy and safe,” said Lawrence Gostin, director of the WHO Collaborating Center on Global Health Law at Georgetown University. He said in an email that losing American resources would devastate WHO’s global surveillance and epidemic response efforts.

New Zealand’s former prime minister Helen Clark said it wasn’t in American interests to pull out of the agency now, particularly given the “ghastly proposition” that the increased spread of bird flu there might turn into a pandemic.

She described Trump as “a disruptor” and said the loss of American funding to WHO would cause “quite a substantial dent” to the agency.

Can Trump really withdraw the US from WHO?

Yes, as long as he gets the approval of Congress and the U.S. meets its financial obligations to WHO for the current fiscal year. The U.S. joined WHO via a 1948 joint resolution passed by both chambers of Congress, which has subsequently been supported by all administrations. The resolution requires the U.S. to provide a one-year notice period should it decide to leave WHO.

What does this mean for WHO?

It’s extremely bad. The U.S. has historically been among WHO’s biggest donors, providing the U.N. health agency not only with hundreds of millions of dollars, but also hundreds of staffers with specialized public health expertise.

In the last decade, the U.S. has given WHO about $160 million to $815 million every year. WHO’s yearly budget is about $2 billion to $3 billion. Losing U.S. funding could cripple numerous global health initiatives, including the effort to eradicate polio, maternal and child health programs, and research to identify new viral threats.

American agencies that work with WHO would also suffer, including the CDC. Leaving WHO would exclude the U.S. from WHO-coordinated initiatives, like determining the yearly composition of flu vaccines and quick access to genetic databases run by WHO, which could stall attempts to produce immunizations and medicines.

Why is Trump withdrawing the US from WHO?

At a September campaign rally, Trump said he would “take on the corruption” at WHO and other public health institutions that he said were “dominated” by corporate power and China.

WHO made several costly mistakes during the pandemic, including advising people against wearing masks and asserting that COVID-19 was not airborne. The agency only officially acknowledged last year that the virus is indeed spread in the air.

During its efforts to stop COVID-19, WHO also dealt with the biggest sexual abuse scandal i n its history, when media reports revealed that dozens of Congolese women had been sexually harassed or assaulted by health responders working to contain Ebola. The AP found senior managers were informed of some instances of sexual abuse when they occurred in 2019 but did little to stop them or punish perpetrators.

What has WHO said?

In a statement Tuesday, WHO said it “regrets” Trump’s announcement.

“We hope the United States will reconsider and we look forward to engaging in constructive dialogue to maintain the partnership between the USA and WHO,” the organization said.

“For over seven decades, WHO and the USA have saved countless lives and protected Americans and all people from health threats. Together, we ended smallpox, and together we have brought polio to the brink of eradication,” WHO said.

At a Geneva news briefing on Tuesday, WHO spokesperson Tarik Jasarevic said the U.S. contributed 18% of WHO’s budget in 2023, making it the single biggest donor that year. He declined to say what the U.S. withdrawal might mean for WHO.

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