日本正面臨人口危機,因此日本最大的城市東京試圖通過一種新方法來解決這個問題,那就是四天工作制。
從明年4月起,作為日本最大雇主之一的東京都政府計劃允許其員工每周只工作四天。它還增加了一項新的“育兒部分休假”政策,允許一些員工每天少工作兩個小時。東京都知事小池百合子表示,這一政策的目的是幫助為人父母的員工平衡照顧孩子和工作。
據(jù)《日本時報》報道,小池百合子本周在東京都議會例會上表示:“我們將繼續(xù)靈活地審查工作方式,以確保女性不必因為生育或撫養(yǎng)孩子等生活事件而犧牲她們的職業(yè)生涯?!?/p>
這些新政策出臺之際,恰逢日本的出生率在今年早些時候創(chuàng)下歷史新低。據(jù)日本厚生勞動省統(tǒng)計,今年1月至6月,日本共有350,074名新生兒,比2023年同期下降了5.7%。
日本的總生育率(一位女性一生中生育的子女數(shù)量)在2023年為1.2,而在東京甚至更低,只有0.99。根據(jù)經(jīng)濟合作與發(fā)展組織(Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development,OECD)的數(shù)據(jù),要維持人口基本穩(wěn)定,生育率需要達到2.1。根據(jù)中央情報局的數(shù)據(jù),日本公民的年齡中位數(shù)為49.9歲,而在美國,年齡中位數(shù)為38.9歲。
為了扭轉低生育率的趨勢,日本已經(jīng)采取了果斷措施。從20世紀90年代開始,日本政府要求公司提供慷慨的育兒假,增加了日托補貼,并開始向父母發(fā)放現(xiàn)金。今年早些時候,東京都政府還推出了自己的約會應用程序,幫助單身人士尋找伴侶并結婚。
然而,根據(jù)政府數(shù)據(jù),過去8年來,日本的生育率持續(xù)下降。
實行四天工作制可能有助于解決與日本沉重的工作文化相關的一些核心問題,這些問題尤其對職業(yè)女性造成了巨大壓力。根據(jù)國際貨幣基金組織(International Monetary Fund)的數(shù)據(jù),在家務方面,日本是經(jīng)合組織成員國中男女之間差距最大的國家之一,日本女性從事的無薪工作(如育兒和照顧老人)是男性的五倍。
根據(jù)國際貨幣基金組織的數(shù)據(jù),超過一半的女性表示,她們生的孩子比她們希望的少,因為多一個孩子會帶來更多家務。
在某些情況下,實行四天工作制已被證明可以改善家務公平性。非營利組織全球四天工作制(4 Day Week Global)在六個國家開展了四天工作制的試驗,男性表示在育兒上花費的時間增加了22%,在家務上花費的時間增加了23%。
房地產(chǎn)服務公司仲量聯(lián)行(JLL)的全球未來工作主管彼得·米斯科維奇表示,為了讓四天工作制得到更廣泛的推廣,需要進行重大的社會變革,但多年的實驗表明,每周少工作一天可以提高員工的工作效率,改善員工的身心健康。
米斯科維奇對《財富》雜志表示:“四天工作制帶來的好處包括員工的壓力更小、倦怠的發(fā)生更少、休息更好、睡眠質量更好、成本更低、在工作時間專注度和集中度更高,在某些情況下還能使員工對公司投入更多精力?!?/p>
工作場所咨詢公司W(wǎng)orkathon的創(chuàng)始人、《工作設想:在新冠疫情和生成式AI誕生前后我們對工作的認識有哪些變化?》(Working Assumptions: What We Thought We Knew About Work Before Covid and Generative AI—And What We Know Now)一書的作者朱莉婭·霍布斯鮑姆表示,雖然像東京這樣的四天工作制測試可以是創(chuàng)新的實驗,但它們可能不是一些人所認為的解決方案。
霍布斯鮑姆對《財富》雜志表示:“我堅信沒有放之四海而皆準的方法?!?/p>
“無論從技術層面還是人類本身來說,在工作實踐日益靈活的時代,你不能簡單地說四天工作制適用于所有行業(yè)、所有國家、所有目的?!保ㄘ敻恢形木W(wǎng))
譯者:劉進龍
審校:汪皓
日本正面臨人口危機,因此日本最大的城市東京試圖通過一種新方法來解決這個問題,那就是四天工作制。
從明年4月起,作為日本最大雇主之一的東京都政府計劃允許其員工每周只工作四天。它還增加了一項新的“育兒部分休假”政策,允許一些員工每天少工作兩個小時。東京都知事小池百合子表示,這一政策的目的是幫助為人父母的員工平衡照顧孩子和工作。
據(jù)《日本時報》報道,小池百合子本周在東京都議會例會上表示:“我們將繼續(xù)靈活地審查工作方式,以確保女性不必因為生育或撫養(yǎng)孩子等生活事件而犧牲她們的職業(yè)生涯。”
這些新政策出臺之際,恰逢日本的出生率在今年早些時候創(chuàng)下歷史新低。據(jù)日本厚生勞動省統(tǒng)計,今年1月至6月,日本共有350,074名新生兒,比2023年同期下降了5.7%。
日本的總生育率(一位女性一生中生育的子女數(shù)量)在2023年為1.2,而在東京甚至更低,只有0.99。根據(jù)經(jīng)濟合作與發(fā)展組織(Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development,OECD)的數(shù)據(jù),要維持人口基本穩(wěn)定,生育率需要達到2.1。根據(jù)中央情報局的數(shù)據(jù),日本公民的年齡中位數(shù)為49.9歲,而在美國,年齡中位數(shù)為38.9歲。
為了扭轉低生育率的趨勢,日本已經(jīng)采取了果斷措施。從20世紀90年代開始,日本政府要求公司提供慷慨的育兒假,增加了日托補貼,并開始向父母發(fā)放現(xiàn)金。今年早些時候,東京都政府還推出了自己的約會應用程序,幫助單身人士尋找伴侶并結婚。
然而,根據(jù)政府數(shù)據(jù),過去8年來,日本的生育率持續(xù)下降。
實行四天工作制可能有助于解決與日本沉重的工作文化相關的一些核心問題,這些問題尤其對職業(yè)女性造成了巨大壓力。根據(jù)國際貨幣基金組織(International Monetary Fund)的數(shù)據(jù),在家務方面,日本是經(jīng)合組織成員國中男女之間差距最大的國家之一,日本女性從事的無薪工作(如育兒和照顧老人)是男性的五倍。
根據(jù)國際貨幣基金組織的數(shù)據(jù),超過一半的女性表示,她們生的孩子比她們希望的少,因為多一個孩子會帶來更多家務。
在某些情況下,實行四天工作制已被證明可以改善家務公平性。非營利組織全球四天工作制(4 Day Week Global)在六個國家開展了四天工作制的試驗,男性表示在育兒上花費的時間增加了22%,在家務上花費的時間增加了23%。
房地產(chǎn)服務公司仲量聯(lián)行(JLL)的全球未來工作主管彼得·米斯科維奇表示,為了讓四天工作制得到更廣泛的推廣,需要進行重大的社會變革,但多年的實驗表明,每周少工作一天可以提高員工的工作效率,改善員工的身心健康。
米斯科維奇對《財富》雜志表示:“四天工作制帶來的好處包括員工的壓力更小、倦怠的發(fā)生更少、休息更好、睡眠質量更好、成本更低、在工作時間專注度和集中度更高,在某些情況下還能使員工對公司投入更多精力。”
工作場所咨詢公司W(wǎng)orkathon的創(chuàng)始人、《工作設想:在新冠疫情和生成式AI誕生前后我們對工作的認識有哪些變化?》(Working Assumptions: What We Thought We Knew About Work Before Covid and Generative AI—And What We Know Now)一書的作者朱莉婭·霍布斯鮑姆表示,雖然像東京這樣的四天工作制測試可以是創(chuàng)新的實驗,但它們可能不是一些人所認為的解決方案。
霍布斯鮑姆對《財富》雜志表示:“我堅信沒有放之四海而皆準的方法?!?/p>
“無論從技術層面還是人類本身來說,在工作實踐日益靈活的時代,你不能簡單地說四天工作制適用于所有行業(yè)、所有國家、所有目的?!保ㄘ敻恢形木W(wǎng))
譯者:劉進龍
審校:汪皓
Japan is facing a population crisis—so Tokyo, its largest city, will try to solve the problem with something new: a four-day workweek.
Starting in April, the Tokyo Metropolitan government, one of the country’s largest employers, is set to allow its employees to work only four days a week. It is also adding a new “childcare partial leave” policy, which will allow some employees to work two fewer hours per day. The goal is to help employees who are parents balance childcare and work, said Tokyo Gov. Yuriko Koike.
“We will continue to review work styles flexibly to ensure that women do not have to sacrifice their careers due to life events such as childbirth or child-rearing,” Koike said in a speech this week during the Tokyo Metropolitan Assembly’s regular session, the Japan Times reported.
The new policies come as the birth rate in Japan hit a record low earlier this year. From January to June, the country recorded 350,074 births, down 5.7% from the same period in 2023, according to the Ministry of Health, Labor, and Welfare.
The country’s total fertility rate, which represents the number of children a woman has in her lifetime, stood at 1.2 in 2023, and in Tokyo, the birth rate was even lower at 0.99. To maintain a broadly stable population, a birth rate of 2.1 is required, according to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). The median age of a Japanese citizen is 49.9, according to the Central Intelligence Agency. In the U.S., the median age is 38.9.
Japan has taken drastic steps toward reversing its low birth rate. Starting in the 1990s, the government required companies to offer generous parental leave, added subsidies for day care, and started offering cash payments to parents. Earlier this year, the Tokyo government also launched its own dating app to help single people find a partner and marry.
Yet the birth rate has still fallen consistently over the past eight years, according to government data.
Moving to a four-day workweek could help address some of the core issues associated with Japan’s heavy work culture, which can especially weigh on working women. The gap between men and women when it comes to housework is one of the largest among OECD countries, with women in Japan engaging in five times more unpaid work, such as childcare and elder care, than men, according to the International Monetary Fund.
More than half of women who had fewer children than they would have preferred said they had fewer children because of the increased housework that another child would bring, according to the IMF.
In some cases, moving to a four-day workweek has been shown to improve housework equity. Men reported spending 22% more time on childcare and 23% more time on housework during a four-day workweek trial conducted across six countries by 4 Day Week Global, which advocates for the issue.
It would take a major societal change for the four-day workweek to catch on more broadly, but years of experiments have shown that working one day less a week improves employee productivity and well-being, said Peter Miscovich, the global future of work leader at real estate services company JLL.
“The upside from all of that has been less stress, less burnout, better rest, better sleep, less cost to the employee, higher levels of focus and concentration during the working hours, and in some cases, greater commitment to the organization as a result,” Miscovich told Fortune.
While four-day workweek tests like the one in Tokyo can be innovative experiments, they may not be the solution that some make them out to be, said Julia Hobsbawm, the founder of workplace consultancy Workathon and author of the book Working Assumptions: What We Thought We Knew About Work Before Covid and Generative AI—And What We Know Now.
“I firmly believe that there is no one size fits all,” Hobsbawm told Fortune.
“In a time of increasing flexibility across working practices, both technological and human, you simply can’t say that the one size that might fit one industry, in one country, for one purpose, of a four-day week fits all.”