在美國(guó),上大學(xué)并非一件容易的事,它可能讓你背上好幾年沉重的債務(wù)。除此之外,還有一個(gè)因素是不得不考慮的。有一項(xiàng)最新分析指出,即便大學(xué)文憑有可能給你帶來(lái)更高的收入,但是還有30%的學(xué)生一輩子也不賺不回上大學(xué)的學(xué)費(fèi)。
在上大學(xué)是否劃得來(lái)的問(wèn)題上,很多高中畢業(yè)生可能都不會(huì)從經(jīng)濟(jì)角度做足夠的考量,比如上大學(xué)會(huì)讓自己背多少債務(wù),再比如一份大學(xué)文憑能為自己帶來(lái)多少收入。美國(guó)機(jī)會(huì)均等研究基金會(huì)(Foundation for Research on Equal Opportunity)最近發(fā)布了一份報(bào)告,將人們上大學(xué)的成本與他們的終身收入做了一個(gè)對(duì)比,結(jié)果顯示,有三分之一的大學(xué)生一輩子也賺不回他們花出去的學(xué)費(fèi)。
該報(bào)告指出,對(duì)于多數(shù)人來(lái)說(shuō),接受高等教育的收益都是大于成本的,不過(guò)這在很大程度上也取決于學(xué)生所選擇的專(zhuān)業(yè)。但這也造成了一種矛盾,即很多學(xué)生會(huì)為了經(jīng)濟(jì)利益而選擇就讀職業(yè)學(xué)校,或者是選擇一個(gè)他們并不喜歡但是收入較高的專(zhuān)業(yè)。
該報(bào)告指出,在美國(guó),平均來(lái)看,工程學(xué)、計(jì)算機(jī)科學(xué)、護(hù)理學(xué)和經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)等領(lǐng)域的本科學(xué)歷的投資回報(bào)率最高,換句話(huà)說(shuō)就是投入產(chǎn)出比最高。比如一個(gè)工程學(xué)專(zhuān)來(lái)的本科生一輩子有望獲得95萬(wàn)美元的收入,一個(gè)護(hù)理學(xué)專(zhuān)業(yè)的本科生一輩子有望獲得61.8萬(wàn)美元的收入。
該報(bào)告的第一作者普雷斯頓·庫(kù)珀表示,學(xué)生在選擇大學(xué)和專(zhuān)業(yè)的時(shí)候,最應(yīng)該考慮的因素就是畢業(yè)后能賺多少錢(qián)。
“高額學(xué)費(fèi)最多只需要付幾年,但是高收入的職業(yè)生涯軌跡卻能給你帶來(lái)幾十年的利益?!彼f(shuō)。
與工科學(xué)位相比,其他專(zhuān)業(yè)就顯得沒(méi)那么有含金量了,特別是人文藝術(shù)類(lèi)專(zhuān)業(yè)。在美國(guó),心理學(xué)、人文學(xué)科、英語(yǔ)、文學(xué)等專(zhuān)業(yè)是投入產(chǎn)出比最低的專(zhuān)業(yè)。平均來(lái)看,人文藝術(shù)學(xué)科的畢業(yè)生一輩子也賺不回他們的教育成本,甚至人均還要損失8.8萬(wàn)美元。
庫(kù)珀表示,對(duì)于這些專(zhuān)業(yè),也是有辦法提升文憑的含金量的。以英語(yǔ)專(zhuān)業(yè)為例,“有證據(jù)表明,結(jié)合一些更實(shí)際的技能和營(yíng)銷(xiāo)能力,畢業(yè)生也是可以提高投資回報(bào)率的,從而從這份文憑中獲得更高的價(jià)值?!?/p>
庫(kù)珀還指出,與本科院校相比,職業(yè)學(xué)校對(duì)普通學(xué)生的投資回報(bào)率更高。因?yàn)槁殬I(yè)學(xué)校的學(xué)制一般比本科院校更短,學(xué)費(fèi)也更低,可且有的學(xué)生一畢業(yè)就能直接找到空調(diào)水暖和建筑等領(lǐng)域的工作。不過(guò)他同時(shí)表示,職業(yè)學(xué)校的投入產(chǎn)出比同樣取決于專(zhuān)業(yè),比如美容等專(zhuān)業(yè)的投入產(chǎn)出比就并不是很高。
該報(bào)告發(fā)現(xiàn),美國(guó)有近四分之一的四年制本科專(zhuān)業(yè)和43%的兩年制大學(xué)專(zhuān)業(yè)的投資回報(bào)率為負(fù)數(shù)。比如,南加州大學(xué)戲劇專(zhuān)業(yè)的四年制本科課程的學(xué)費(fèi)超過(guò)了16萬(wàn)美元。但是該專(zhuān)業(yè)的畢業(yè)生收入情況普遍較為窘迫,平均收入水平比從事一份不需要該文憑的工作還少了1萬(wàn)美元。
當(dāng)然,也有一些本科專(zhuān)業(yè)是非常賺錢(qián)的。比如普林斯頓大學(xué)的計(jì)算機(jī)工程專(zhuān)業(yè)的畢業(yè)生,他們一生有可能賺到700多萬(wàn)美元的收入。
美國(guó)有一個(gè)專(zhuān)門(mén)研究大學(xué)招生和就業(yè)問(wèn)題的博客“College Transitions”,該博客發(fā)布的一份報(bào)告顯示,在過(guò)去十年中,美國(guó)幾乎所有專(zhuān)業(yè)的入學(xué)率都在下降。造成這一趨勢(shì)的因素有很多,比如全國(guó)性的出生率下降、移民減少、新冠疫情,以及大學(xué)學(xué)費(fèi)上漲等等。在考慮是否要上大學(xué)時(shí),學(xué)生們首先會(huì)考慮自己的賺錢(qián)能力。而這些經(jīng)濟(jì)考量又給他們帶來(lái)了額外的壓力,比如倦怠感和低獲得感。
美國(guó)《商業(yè)與心理學(xué)雜志》發(fā)表的一項(xiàng)新研究發(fā)現(xiàn),美國(guó)人的職業(yè)興趣與美國(guó)就業(yè)市場(chǎng)最緊缺的工作之間存在著顯著的撕裂,這說(shuō)明了在勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)上,大家干的往往都是自己不喜歡的工作。
這項(xiàng)研究的樣本庫(kù)是120萬(wàn)名美國(guó)居民,同時(shí)它還參考了美國(guó)勞工部的就業(yè)數(shù)據(jù)。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),人們對(duì)從事藝術(shù)類(lèi)工作最感興趣,但這也是市場(chǎng)需求最少的專(zhuān)業(yè)之一——市場(chǎng)上只有2%的工作是與藝術(shù)相關(guān)的。相比之下,人們最不感興趣的就是系統(tǒng)性、細(xì)節(jié)性的工作,而這恰恰卻是市場(chǎng)需求最大的工作。(財(cái)富中文網(wǎng))
譯者:樸成奎
在美國(guó),上大學(xué)并非一件容易的事,它可能讓你背上好幾年沉重的債務(wù)。除此之外,還有一個(gè)因素是不得不考慮的。有一項(xiàng)最新分析指出,即便大學(xué)文憑有可能給你帶來(lái)更高的收入,但是還有30%的學(xué)生一輩子也不賺不回上大學(xué)的學(xué)費(fèi)。
在上大學(xué)是否劃得來(lái)的問(wèn)題上,很多高中畢業(yè)生可能都不會(huì)從經(jīng)濟(jì)角度做足夠的考量,比如上大學(xué)會(huì)讓自己背多少債務(wù),再比如一份大學(xué)文憑能為自己帶來(lái)多少收入。美國(guó)機(jī)會(huì)均等研究基金會(huì)(Foundation for Research on Equal Opportunity)最近發(fā)布了一份報(bào)告,將人們上大學(xué)的成本與他們的終身收入做了一個(gè)對(duì)比,結(jié)果顯示,有三分之一的大學(xué)生一輩子也賺不回他們花出去的學(xué)費(fèi)。
該報(bào)告指出,對(duì)于多數(shù)人來(lái)說(shuō),接受高等教育的收益都是大于成本的,不過(guò)這在很大程度上也取決于學(xué)生所選擇的專(zhuān)業(yè)。但這也造成了一種矛盾,即很多學(xué)生會(huì)為了經(jīng)濟(jì)利益而選擇就讀職業(yè)學(xué)校,或者是選擇一個(gè)他們并不喜歡但是收入較高的專(zhuān)業(yè)。
該報(bào)告指出,在美國(guó),平均來(lái)看,工程學(xué)、計(jì)算機(jī)科學(xué)、護(hù)理學(xué)和經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)等領(lǐng)域的本科學(xué)歷的投資回報(bào)率最高,換句話(huà)說(shuō)就是投入產(chǎn)出比最高。比如一個(gè)工程學(xué)專(zhuān)來(lái)的本科生一輩子有望獲得95萬(wàn)美元的收入,一個(gè)護(hù)理學(xué)專(zhuān)業(yè)的本科生一輩子有望獲得61.8萬(wàn)美元的收入。
該報(bào)告的第一作者普雷斯頓·庫(kù)珀表示,學(xué)生在選擇大學(xué)和專(zhuān)業(yè)的時(shí)候,最應(yīng)該考慮的因素就是畢業(yè)后能賺多少錢(qián)。
“高額學(xué)費(fèi)最多只需要付幾年,但是高收入的職業(yè)生涯軌跡卻能給你帶來(lái)幾十年的利益。”他說(shuō)。
與工科學(xué)位相比,其他專(zhuān)業(yè)就顯得沒(méi)那么有含金量了,特別是人文藝術(shù)類(lèi)專(zhuān)業(yè)。在美國(guó),心理學(xué)、人文學(xué)科、英語(yǔ)、文學(xué)等專(zhuān)業(yè)是投入產(chǎn)出比最低的專(zhuān)業(yè)。平均來(lái)看,人文藝術(shù)學(xué)科的畢業(yè)生一輩子也賺不回他們的教育成本,甚至人均還要損失8.8萬(wàn)美元。
庫(kù)珀表示,對(duì)于這些專(zhuān)業(yè),也是有辦法提升文憑的含金量的。以英語(yǔ)專(zhuān)業(yè)為例,“有證據(jù)表明,結(jié)合一些更實(shí)際的技能和營(yíng)銷(xiāo)能力,畢業(yè)生也是可以提高投資回報(bào)率的,從而從這份文憑中獲得更高的價(jià)值?!?/p>
庫(kù)珀還指出,與本科院校相比,職業(yè)學(xué)校對(duì)普通學(xué)生的投資回報(bào)率更高。因?yàn)槁殬I(yè)學(xué)校的學(xué)制一般比本科院校更短,學(xué)費(fèi)也更低,可且有的學(xué)生一畢業(yè)就能直接找到空調(diào)水暖和建筑等領(lǐng)域的工作。不過(guò)他同時(shí)表示,職業(yè)學(xué)校的投入產(chǎn)出比同樣取決于專(zhuān)業(yè),比如美容等專(zhuān)業(yè)的投入產(chǎn)出比就并不是很高。
該報(bào)告發(fā)現(xiàn),美國(guó)有近四分之一的四年制本科專(zhuān)業(yè)和43%的兩年制大學(xué)專(zhuān)業(yè)的投資回報(bào)率為負(fù)數(shù)。比如,南加州大學(xué)戲劇專(zhuān)業(yè)的四年制本科課程的學(xué)費(fèi)超過(guò)了16萬(wàn)美元。但是該專(zhuān)業(yè)的畢業(yè)生收入情況普遍較為窘迫,平均收入水平比從事一份不需要該文憑的工作還少了1萬(wàn)美元。
當(dāng)然,也有一些本科專(zhuān)業(yè)是非常賺錢(qián)的。比如普林斯頓大學(xué)的計(jì)算機(jī)工程專(zhuān)業(yè)的畢業(yè)生,他們一生有可能賺到700多萬(wàn)美元的收入。
美國(guó)有一個(gè)專(zhuān)門(mén)研究大學(xué)招生和就業(yè)問(wèn)題的博客“College Transitions”,該博客發(fā)布的一份報(bào)告顯示,在過(guò)去十年中,美國(guó)幾乎所有專(zhuān)業(yè)的入學(xué)率都在下降。造成這一趨勢(shì)的因素有很多,比如全國(guó)性的出生率下降、移民減少、新冠疫情,以及大學(xué)學(xué)費(fèi)上漲等等。在考慮是否要上大學(xué)時(shí),學(xué)生們首先會(huì)考慮自己的賺錢(qián)能力。而這些經(jīng)濟(jì)考量又給他們帶來(lái)了額外的壓力,比如倦怠感和低獲得感。
美國(guó)《商業(yè)與心理學(xué)雜志》發(fā)表的一項(xiàng)新研究發(fā)現(xiàn),美國(guó)人的職業(yè)興趣與美國(guó)就業(yè)市場(chǎng)最緊缺的工作之間存在著顯著的撕裂,這說(shuō)明了在勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)上,大家干的往往都是自己不喜歡的工作。
這項(xiàng)研究的樣本庫(kù)是120萬(wàn)名美國(guó)居民,同時(shí)它還參考了美國(guó)勞工部的就業(yè)數(shù)據(jù)。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),人們對(duì)從事藝術(shù)類(lèi)工作最感興趣,但這也是市場(chǎng)需求最少的專(zhuān)業(yè)之一——市場(chǎng)上只有2%的工作是與藝術(shù)相關(guān)的。相比之下,人們最不感興趣的就是系統(tǒng)性、細(xì)節(jié)性的工作,而這恰恰卻是市場(chǎng)需求最大的工作。(財(cái)富中文網(wǎng))
譯者:樸成奎
For many aspiring students, the decision to attend college comes with scary caveats, like years of unaffordable debt. Now there’s another thing to fear: Even if having a degree leads to higher earning potential down the line, a new analysis says about 30% of students won’t earn enough money to offset the price of school.
All things considered, the decision to attend college involves a lot of financial decisions a typical high sch
ool graduate might not have enough awareness about, including how to pay off education-related debt and how much they can expect to earn from the degree they choose. High schoolers are most interested in attending college to get a good job that will help them earn more money—but about a third of degree programs don’t lead to a return on investments people pay to attend, according to the new report from the Foundation for Research on Equal Opportunity, which analyzed how much people spend on higher education versus how much they earn over their lifetimes.
The financial returns that come from pursuing higher education are worth it more often than not, the report states, but it’s highly dependent on the major a student chooses—and it’s creating a conflict where students are choosing between trade schools to optimize their financial returns or pursuing a field they might hate, but will pay well.
On average, a bachelor’s degree in fields like engineering, computer science, nursing and economics provide the biggest financial returns on investment, or earnings in relation to how expensive the degree is, according to the report. With an engineering degree, for example, a student can expect lifetime earnings of about $950,000, while a student who completes a nursing degree could rake in a lifetime earnings of about $618,000.
When choosing a college and degree program, the most important variable students should consider is how much they’ll earn, according to Preston Cooper, the lead author of the report.
“A high-earning career trajectory will deliver benefits for decades, while high tuition costs must be paid for a few years at most,” Cooper said.
Other fields, especially those in fine arts, offer significantly less financial returns. A bachelor’s degree in psychology, the humanities, or English and literature are among those with the lowest financial returns; on average, students who pursue a degree in fine arts actually lost about $88,000 over their lifetimes.
In these fields, Cooper said, there are still ways to ensure a college degree stays valuable. With an English major, for example, he said “there’s evidence that in combination with more tangible skills and marketing, graduates can improve the return on investments they get to improve the value of the degree they are getting out of college.”
Trade schools can offer higher returns on investment than a traditional bachelor’s degree because, according to Cooper, they are often shorter programs that cost less tuition and offer straight paths to higher paying jobs in fields like HVAC and construction. Still, he said, the lucrativeness of trade schools is dependent on the field, adding that a degree in cosmetology doesn’t offer the same returns.
Almost a quarter of four-year degree programs have a negative return on investment, the report found, as do 43% of two-year degree programs. For example, a bachelor’s degree in drama at the University of Southern California costs students over $160,000 over four years, but graduates of the program earn $10,000 less than they would if they got a job they didn’t need the degree for, the report found.
Meanwhile, other fields can be extremely lucrative. The report estimates that graduates of Princeton University’s computer engineering program could make a lifetime earnings of over $7 million.
Regardless of the field, college enrollment rates have been dropping for the past decade, according to a report by College Transitions, a data-driven blog by researchers and former school-admissions officers. Several factors are responsible for this trend, including the declining national birth rate, decreased immigration, the pandemic, and the rising price of college tuition. For students, who often prioritize their ability to earn money when making decisions about attending school, these financial challenges are giving way to additional stresses, like burnout and feeling unfulfilled at work.
A new study published by Journal of Business and Psychology found large gaps between people’s career interests and the country’s most in-demand jobs, which indicate the hottest jobs on the labor market drastically differ from what people are interested in doing.
The study, which used a national dataset of over 1.2 million U.S. residents and employment data from the Department of Labor, found that people are most interested in pursuing artistic jobs, but it’s one of the fields that’s least in demand, with only 2% of jobs on the market involving artistic interests. In contrast, the least popular job interest was described as systematic or detail-oriented work, which encompassed the most highly in-demand jobs.