6月16日,哈佛商學(xué)院在對弗朗西斯卡·吉諾這位知名教授捏造研究結(jié)果的指控進(jìn)行內(nèi)部調(diào)查后,開除了這位教授。弗朗西斯卡·吉諾是一位廣受歡迎的行為科學(xué)家,她以高產(chǎn)學(xué)者、日程排滿演講活動(dòng)和高昂的企業(yè)培訓(xùn)而聞名。哈佛大學(xué)每年向她支付100多萬美元的薪酬,而一些公司則支付數(shù)萬美元的報(bào)酬邀約她參加私人活動(dòng)。
吉諾每年在期刊上發(fā)表十多篇文章,而教職員工的平均水平是兩到三篇,這似乎優(yōu)秀得讓人難以置信。而現(xiàn)在曝光的情況表明,真實(shí)性確實(shí)存疑。獨(dú)立學(xué)術(shù)監(jiān)督網(wǎng)站Data Colada分四部分進(jìn)行了調(diào)查,稱吉諾至少在十年內(nèi),最近一次是在三年前,捏造了一些備受矚目的研究結(jié)果。該網(wǎng)站聲稱發(fā)現(xiàn)她的研究中至少有四次數(shù)據(jù)被篡改。監(jiān)督機(jī)構(gòu)認(rèn)為,吉諾很可能在沒有合作者協(xié)助的情況下進(jìn)行了所謂的欺詐。
哈佛大學(xué)不久后也展開了類似的調(diào)查,自6月以來,三家期刊應(yīng)哈佛大學(xué)的要求撤回了三篇文章。哈佛大學(xué)已經(jīng)結(jié)束了調(diào)查,但尚未對調(diào)查結(jié)果發(fā)表公開評論,也沒有表示是否會發(fā)表公開評論。哈佛大學(xué)拒絕就此事發(fā)表評論。
Data Colada的報(bào)告寫道:“毋庸置疑,我們報(bào)告中詳述的欺詐證據(jù)只是哈佛大學(xué)調(diào)查人員在這四篇文章中發(fā)現(xiàn)的證據(jù)的一部分。例如,我們從哈佛商學(xué)院的一些教員那里聽說,哈佛大學(xué)的內(nèi)部報(bào)告長達(dá)1200頁,比我們發(fā)給哈佛商學(xué)院的報(bào)告長1182頁?!?/p>
叛逆的天才?
這位行為科學(xué)家主要研究不誠實(shí)行為,包括對學(xué)生在校作弊行為的廣泛研究。例如,吉諾與他人合作完成了一項(xiàng)著名的研究,該研究發(fā)現(xiàn),如果學(xué)生看到同校的其他同學(xué)作弊,他們更有可能作弊,另一項(xiàng)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),不誠實(shí)行為會提高學(xué)生創(chuàng)造力。
她最近出版的一本書名為《叛逆天才:拒絕一顆盲從的心,讓自己閃閃發(fā)光》(Rebel Talent: Why It Pays to Break the Rules in Work and Life)(2018 年)。書中討論了離經(jīng)叛道者、麻煩制造者和混亂制造者如何成為世界上真正的創(chuàng)新者和思想領(lǐng)袖,而且我們每個(gè)人的內(nèi)心里都住著一個(gè)離經(jīng)叛道者。
周三晚間,吉諾以誹謗和歧視為由起訴哈佛大學(xué)和Data Colada的三位運(yùn)營者,要求賠償2500萬美元。她沒有回應(yīng)置評請求,但她的律師安德魯·T·米爾滕伯格(Andrew T. Miltenberg)在一份聲明中寫道:"哈佛大學(xué)完全無視證據(jù)、正當(dāng)程序和保密性,這應(yīng)該讓所有學(xué)術(shù)研究人員感到恐懼。哈佛大學(xué)在審查過程中缺乏誠信,剝奪了吉諾教授的權(quán)利、事業(yè)和聲譽(yù),在性別平等方面也處理得一塌糊涂。在這起案件中,校方的偏見和疏忽令人震驚"。
除了使她的職業(yè)生涯擱淺之外,這些指控還可能玷污吉諾的研究合作者的職業(yè)生涯,吉諾的研究合作者有100多人。雖然吉諾聲名鵲起,獲得了高薪和學(xué)術(shù)成就,但與她合作的學(xué)者們卻有可能因此受到嚴(yán)重影響。
就像吉諾通常所做的那樣,與他人合作撰寫學(xué)術(shù)期刊文章,尤其是頂刊,往往會對年輕研究人員未來取得成功大有助益。就目前而言,吉諾的合作者并未受到 Data Colada 的任何指控:“據(jù)我們所知,吉諾的合作者中沒有人參與或協(xié)助收集相關(guān)研究的數(shù)據(jù)”。
就在吉諾涉嫌偽造事件發(fā)生之前,斯坦福大學(xué)校長、神經(jīng)科學(xué)家馬克·特西爾-拉維尼(Marc Tessier-Lavigne)也接受了類似的調(diào)查,他將于8月31日卸任。斯坦福大學(xué)校報(bào)《斯坦福日報(bào)》(Stanford Daily)的一項(xiàng)調(diào)查(獲得喬治·波爾克獎(jiǎng)(George Polk))發(fā)現(xiàn),他撰寫的研究報(bào)告存在大量缺陷。
斯坦福大學(xué)和特西爾-拉維尼沒有立即回應(yīng)《財(cái)富》雜志的置評請求。
文章發(fā)表后,斯坦福大學(xué)展開了內(nèi)部調(diào)查,特西爾-拉維尼因此卸任。至少有四篇以這位神經(jīng)科學(xué)家為主要作者的期刊文章被發(fā)現(xiàn)包含篡改的結(jié)果。由于他的工作沒有達(dá)到科學(xué)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)臉?biāo)準(zhǔn),雖然他洗脫了欺詐指控,但他還是辭去了大學(xué)校長職務(wù)。
報(bào)道特西爾-拉維尼事件的斯坦福大學(xué)記者是在學(xué)術(shù)界在線討論論壇 PubPeer 上讀到有關(guān)特西爾-拉維尼研究的匿名評論后開始調(diào)查此事的。同樣,揭露吉諾研究真實(shí)性存疑的網(wǎng)站 Data Colada 也是由三位教授獨(dú)立運(yùn)營的。吉諾和特西爾-拉維尼都是各自領(lǐng)域最杰出的研究人員,在頂尖大學(xué)工作,與其他學(xué)者相比收入頗豐。兩人都引起非正式的外部監(jiān)督機(jī)構(gòu)的注意的事實(shí)表明,可能需要對學(xué)術(shù)研究進(jìn)行更多的核查,比如由機(jī)構(gòu)出資建立像Data Colada這樣無需兼職或無償運(yùn)營的組織。
自從指控開始以來,吉諾只是含糊其辭地做出了回應(yīng)。她在領(lǐng)英(LinkedIn)上最近發(fā)布的帖子中表示:“很多人都來詢問最近關(guān)于我工作的報(bào)道。在我繼續(xù)評估這些指控以及我的可選項(xiàng)時(shí),我能公開談?wù)摰暮苡邢?。但我向你們保證,我會認(rèn)真對待這些指控,并予以解決?!?/p>
2023年8月3日更新:本文已根據(jù)弗朗西斯卡·吉諾對哈佛大學(xué)和Data Colada三位運(yùn)營者提起的訴訟信息進(jìn)行了更新。(財(cái)富中文網(wǎng))
譯者:中慧言-王芳
6月16日,哈佛商學(xué)院在對弗朗西斯卡·吉諾這位知名教授捏造研究結(jié)果的指控進(jìn)行內(nèi)部調(diào)查后,開除了這位教授。弗朗西斯卡·吉諾是一位廣受歡迎的行為科學(xué)家,她以高產(chǎn)學(xué)者、日程排滿演講活動(dòng)和高昂的企業(yè)培訓(xùn)而聞名。哈佛大學(xué)每年向她支付100多萬美元的薪酬,而一些公司則支付數(shù)萬美元的報(bào)酬邀約她參加私人活動(dòng)。
吉諾每年在期刊上發(fā)表十多篇文章,而教職員工的平均水平是兩到三篇,這似乎優(yōu)秀得讓人難以置信。而現(xiàn)在曝光的情況表明,真實(shí)性確實(shí)存疑。獨(dú)立學(xué)術(shù)監(jiān)督網(wǎng)站Data Colada分四部分進(jìn)行了調(diào)查,稱吉諾至少在十年內(nèi),最近一次是在三年前,捏造了一些備受矚目的研究結(jié)果。該網(wǎng)站聲稱發(fā)現(xiàn)她的研究中至少有四次數(shù)據(jù)被篡改。監(jiān)督機(jī)構(gòu)認(rèn)為,吉諾很可能在沒有合作者協(xié)助的情況下進(jìn)行了所謂的欺詐。
哈佛大學(xué)不久后也展開了類似的調(diào)查,自6月以來,三家期刊應(yīng)哈佛大學(xué)的要求撤回了三篇文章。哈佛大學(xué)已經(jīng)結(jié)束了調(diào)查,但尚未對調(diào)查結(jié)果發(fā)表公開評論,也沒有表示是否會發(fā)表公開評論。哈佛大學(xué)拒絕就此事發(fā)表評論。
Data Colada的報(bào)告寫道:“毋庸置疑,我們報(bào)告中詳述的欺詐證據(jù)只是哈佛大學(xué)調(diào)查人員在這四篇文章中發(fā)現(xiàn)的證據(jù)的一部分。例如,我們從哈佛商學(xué)院的一些教員那里聽說,哈佛大學(xué)的內(nèi)部報(bào)告長達(dá)1200頁,比我們發(fā)給哈佛商學(xué)院的報(bào)告長1182頁?!?/p>
叛逆的天才?
這位行為科學(xué)家主要研究不誠實(shí)行為,包括對學(xué)生在校作弊行為的廣泛研究。例如,吉諾與他人合作完成了一項(xiàng)著名的研究,該研究發(fā)現(xiàn),如果學(xué)生看到同校的其他同學(xué)作弊,他們更有可能作弊,另一項(xiàng)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),不誠實(shí)行為會提高學(xué)生創(chuàng)造力。
她最近出版的一本書名為《叛逆天才:拒絕一顆盲從的心,讓自己閃閃發(fā)光》(Rebel Talent: Why It Pays to Break the Rules in Work and Life)(2018 年)。書中討論了離經(jīng)叛道者、麻煩制造者和混亂制造者如何成為世界上真正的創(chuàng)新者和思想領(lǐng)袖,而且我們每個(gè)人的內(nèi)心里都住著一個(gè)離經(jīng)叛道者。
周三晚間,吉諾以誹謗和歧視為由起訴哈佛大學(xué)和Data Colada的三位運(yùn)營者,要求賠償2500萬美元。她沒有回應(yīng)置評請求,但她的律師安德魯·T·米爾滕伯格(Andrew T. Miltenberg)在一份聲明中寫道:"哈佛大學(xué)完全無視證據(jù)、正當(dāng)程序和保密性,這應(yīng)該讓所有學(xué)術(shù)研究人員感到恐懼。哈佛大學(xué)在審查過程中缺乏誠信,剝奪了吉諾教授的權(quán)利、事業(yè)和聲譽(yù),在性別平等方面也處理得一塌糊涂。在這起案件中,校方的偏見和疏忽令人震驚"。
除了使她的職業(yè)生涯擱淺之外,這些指控還可能玷污吉諾的研究合作者的職業(yè)生涯,吉諾的研究合作者有100多人。雖然吉諾聲名鵲起,獲得了高薪和學(xué)術(shù)成就,但與她合作的學(xué)者們卻有可能因此受到嚴(yán)重影響。
就像吉諾通常所做的那樣,與他人合作撰寫學(xué)術(shù)期刊文章,尤其是頂刊,往往會對年輕研究人員未來取得成功大有助益。就目前而言,吉諾的合作者并未受到 Data Colada 的任何指控:“據(jù)我們所知,吉諾的合作者中沒有人參與或協(xié)助收集相關(guān)研究的數(shù)據(jù)”。
就在吉諾涉嫌偽造事件發(fā)生之前,斯坦福大學(xué)校長、神經(jīng)科學(xué)家馬克·特西爾-拉維尼(Marc Tessier-Lavigne)也接受了類似的調(diào)查,他將于8月31日卸任。斯坦福大學(xué)校報(bào)《斯坦福日報(bào)》(Stanford Daily)的一項(xiàng)調(diào)查(獲得喬治·波爾克獎(jiǎng)(George Polk))發(fā)現(xiàn),他撰寫的研究報(bào)告存在大量缺陷。
斯坦福大學(xué)和特西爾-拉維尼沒有立即回應(yīng)《財(cái)富》雜志的置評請求。
文章發(fā)表后,斯坦福大學(xué)展開了內(nèi)部調(diào)查,特西爾-拉維尼因此卸任。至少有四篇以這位神經(jīng)科學(xué)家為主要作者的期刊文章被發(fā)現(xiàn)包含篡改的結(jié)果。由于他的工作沒有達(dá)到科學(xué)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)臉?biāo)準(zhǔn),雖然他洗脫了欺詐指控,但他還是辭去了大學(xué)校長職務(wù)。
報(bào)道特西爾-拉維尼事件的斯坦福大學(xué)記者是在學(xué)術(shù)界在線討論論壇 PubPeer 上讀到有關(guān)特西爾-拉維尼研究的匿名評論后開始調(diào)查此事的。同樣,揭露吉諾研究真實(shí)性存疑的網(wǎng)站 Data Colada 也是由三位教授獨(dú)立運(yùn)營的。吉諾和特西爾-拉維尼都是各自領(lǐng)域最杰出的研究人員,在頂尖大學(xué)工作,與其他學(xué)者相比收入頗豐。兩人都引起非正式的外部監(jiān)督機(jī)構(gòu)的注意的事實(shí)表明,可能需要對學(xué)術(shù)研究進(jìn)行更多的核查,比如由機(jī)構(gòu)出資建立像Data Colada這樣無需兼職或無償運(yùn)營的組織。
自從指控開始以來,吉諾只是含糊其辭地做出了回應(yīng)。她在領(lǐng)英(LinkedIn)上最近發(fā)布的帖子中表示:“很多人都來詢問最近關(guān)于我工作的報(bào)道。在我繼續(xù)評估這些指控以及我的可選項(xiàng)時(shí),我能公開談?wù)摰暮苡邢?。但我向你們保證,我會認(rèn)真對待這些指控,并予以解決?!?/p>
2023年8月3日更新:本文已根據(jù)弗朗西斯卡·吉諾對哈佛大學(xué)和Data Colada三位運(yùn)營者提起的訴訟信息進(jìn)行了更新。(財(cái)富中文網(wǎng))
譯者:中慧言-王芳
On June 16, Harvard Business School put one of its most celebrated professors on leave after an internal investigation into accusations that she had falsified her research. Francesca Gino was a popular behavioral scientist who was known for prolific publishing and a schedule packed with speaking gigs and expensive corporate trainings. Harvard paid her over $1 million a year while companies paid tens of thousands more to book her for their private events.
Gino’s record of publishing over 10 journal articles a year, in contrast to the faculty average two or three, seemed too good to be true—and as is now coming to light, it may have been. A four-part investigation by the independent academic watchdog site Data Colada alleges that Gino fabricated some of her high-profile research over at least a decade and as recently as three years ago. It claims to have found at least four times that data in her studies were manipulated. The watchdog believes it is likely that Gino carried out the alleged fraud without assistance from her collaborators.
Harvard soon afterward launched a similar investigation, and since June, three journals have retracted three articles at Harvard’s request. Harvard has concluded its investigation, but it has not yet publicly commented on the findings, nor has it said whether it will do so. Harvard declined to comment on the matter.
“The evidence of fraud detailed in our report almost certainly represents a mere subset of the evidence that the Harvard investigators were able to uncover about these four articles,” Data Colada’s report read. “For example, we have heard from some HBS faculty that Harvard’s internal report was ~1,200 pages long, which is 1,182 pages longer than the one we sent to HBS.”
A rebel talent?
Much of the behavioral scientist’s research has focused on dishonesty, including extensive research on student cheating in school. For example, Gino coauthored a well-known study that found students were more likely to cheat if they had seen a peer from their same school cheating, and another study that found dishonesty leads to higher creativity.
Her most recent book is titled Rebel Talent: Why It Pays to Break the Rules in Work and Life (2018). It discusses how contrarians, troublemakers, and chaos raisers are the world’s real innovators and thought leaders, and that there’s a rebel inside each of us.
On Wednesday evening, Gino sued Harvard and three of the people behind Data Colada for defamation and discrimination, for total damages of $25 million. She did not respond to a request for comment, but her attorney, Andrew T. Miltenberg, Gino’s attorney, wrote in a statement: “Harvard’s complete and utter disregard for evidence, due process and confidentiality should frighten all academic researchers. The University’s lack of integrity in its review process stripped Prof. Gino of her rights, career and reputation – and failed miserably with respect to gender equity. The bias and uneven application of oversight in this case is appalling.”
In addition to putting her career on hold, the accusations may tarnish the careers of Gino’s research collaborators, of which there are more than 100. While Gino has made a name for herself, accrued big paychecks, and academic success, the scholars she worked with risk being hit hard by the consequences.
Coauthoring an academic journal article, especially in those in the highest tiers, as Gino usually did, can majorly contribute to the future success of often young researchers. For now, Gino’s collaborators are not accused of anything by Data Colada: “To the best of our knowledge, none of Gino’s co-authors carried out or assisted with the data collection for the studies in question.”
Gino’s alleged falsification comes just after a similar investigation into Marc Tessier-Lavigne, the Stanford University president and neuroscientist who will step down on August 31. A George Polk Award–winning investigation by the Stanford Daily, the school newspaper, found that studies he authored included extensively flawed research.
Stanford and Tessier-Lavigne did not immediately respond to Fortune‘s request for comment.
After the articles, Stanford launched an internal investigation that led to Tessier-Lavigne stepping down. At least four journal articles, of which the neuroscientist is the principal author, were found to have included manipulated results. Although he was cleared of accusations of fraud, he resigned from the university presidency because his work fell below standards of scientific rigor.
The Stanford journalist who wrote about Tessier-Lavigne started digging into the story after reading an anonymous comment on PubPeer, an online discussion forum for academics, about Tessier-Lavigne’s research. Similarly, Data Colada, the site that revealed Gino’s now suspect research, is independently run by three professors. Gino and Tessier-Lavigne are both among the most prominent researchers in their fields, worked at top universities, and made big money compared to other academics. The fact that both were flagged by informal outside oversight suggests that additional verification of academic research may be needed, such as institutional funding to create operations like Data Colada that do not have to operate part-time or pro bono.
Gino has responded only vaguely since the drumbeat of accusations started. In her most recent post on LinkedIn, she said: “Many of you have reached out asking about recent reports concerning my work. As I continue to evaluate these allegations and assess my options, I am limited into what I can say publicly. I want to assure you that I take them seriously and they will be addressed.”
Update, Aug. 3, 2023: This story was updated with information about a lawsuit filed by Francesca Gino against Harvard and three people behind Data Colada.