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上市公司即將迎來“盈利衰退”,美股可能重蹈2008年金融危機(jī)時(shí)期覆轍

WILL DANIEL
2022-12-22

投資者過于關(guān)注美聯(lián)儲(chǔ)的加息和通脹,而真正的問題是經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)放緩和企業(yè)盈利衰退。

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紐約證券交易所的股票交易員彼得·塔奇曼(Peter Tuchman)。圖片來源:SPENCER PLATT—GETTY IMAGES

在熊市中,股票通常不會(huì)直線下跌。

在過去50年里,即使是在現(xiàn)代最嚴(yán)重的金融危機(jī)中,每次熊市平均也會(huì)出現(xiàn)6.5次短暫反彈。

不出所料,今年的情況也不例外。但一直以來,摩根士丹利(Morgan Stanley)首席投資官和美國(guó)股票策略師邁克·威爾遜(Mike Wilson)都警告投資者不要陷入這些“熊市陷阱”。

在《機(jī)構(gòu)投資者》(Institutional Investor)最新調(diào)查中被評(píng)為全球頂級(jí)股票策略師的威爾遜認(rèn)為,即使在標(biāo)準(zhǔn)普爾500指數(shù)今年下跌逾20%之后,股市仍將進(jìn)一步下跌。他認(rèn)為,投資者過于關(guān)注美聯(lián)儲(chǔ)的加息和通脹,而真正的問題是經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)放緩和企業(yè)盈利衰退。

威爾遜在周一的一份研究報(bào)告中寫道:“盈利衰退本身可能與2008/2009年的情況類似。我們的建議是,在這種結(jié)果真正發(fā)生之前,不要假設(shè)市場(chǎng)正在為這種結(jié)果定價(jià)?!?/p>

威爾遜認(rèn)為,標(biāo)準(zhǔn)普爾500指數(shù)將在2023年第一季度從目前的約3800點(diǎn)跌至3000點(diǎn)至3300點(diǎn)之間。到明年年底,他預(yù)計(jì)該指數(shù)將恢復(fù)到3900點(diǎn),在“熊市情況”下甚至?xí)謴?fù)到3500點(diǎn)。

但是,盡管華爾街最近預(yù)測(cè)經(jīng)濟(jì)末日將會(huì)來臨,經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退持續(xù)的時(shí)間是“正常時(shí)間跨度的兩倍”,甚至是“另一種形式的大蕭條”,威爾遜說,經(jīng)濟(jì)可能會(huì)經(jīng)受住利率上升和高通脹的考驗(yàn),或者至少避免“資產(chǎn)負(fù)債表衰退”和“系統(tǒng)性金融風(fēng)險(xiǎn)”。

另一方面,這位策略師對(duì)投資者發(fā)出了令人不寒而栗的警告:“股票的跌幅對(duì)股市的影響將比大多數(shù)投資者預(yù)期的要嚴(yán)重得多?!?/p>

閃回到2008年8月?

威爾遜在周一的報(bào)告中說,投資者正在犯和2008年8月一樣的錯(cuò)誤,他們低估了企業(yè)盈利下降帶來的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。

他寫道:“我們提出這個(gè)問題,是因?yàn)槲覀兘?jīng)常聽到客戶說,大家都知道明年的盈利過高,因此,市場(chǎng)已經(jīng)定好價(jià)了?!彼傅氖菢酚^的盈利預(yù)期?!叭欢?,我們記得在2008年8月聽到過類似的話,當(dāng)時(shí)我們的盈利模型與市場(chǎng)共識(shí)之間的差距也一樣大?!?/p>

從這一背景來看,到2008年8月中旬,美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)已經(jīng)陷入衰退,標(biāo)準(zhǔn)普爾500指數(shù)較上年同期下跌20%,至1300點(diǎn)左右。許多投資者開始認(rèn)為熊市最糟糕的時(shí)期已經(jīng)過去,但隨著企業(yè)盈利下滑,盈利觸底。

到第二年3月,藍(lán)籌股指數(shù)僅為683點(diǎn)。威爾遜在他的報(bào)告中制作了一張圖表,比較了2008年8月至今的一些關(guān)鍵股市統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)。

他在圖表中指出,標(biāo)準(zhǔn)普爾500指數(shù)目前仍被投資者估值過高。在2008年8月,市盈率約為13倍,但如今已升至16.8倍。

當(dāng)時(shí),美聯(lián)儲(chǔ)也已將利率下調(diào)了3.25%,以挽救美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì),使其擺脫后來被稱為“大金融危機(jī)”的影響。

如今,它計(jì)劃繼續(xù)加息,并維持高利率以對(duì)抗通貨膨脹。威爾遜表示,這一次,“美聯(lián)儲(chǔ)的手腳可能會(huì)受到高通脹的束縛”,這意味著,如果經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退真的發(fā)生,美聯(lián)儲(chǔ)通過降息拯救股市的能力會(huì)減弱。

2008年8月,以消費(fèi)者物價(jià)指數(shù)衡量的同比通脹率為5.3%,目前為7.1%。

威爾遜認(rèn)為股市不會(huì)經(jīng)歷2008年那樣的大跌,因?yàn)榉康禺a(chǎn)市場(chǎng)和銀行體系都處于較好的狀態(tài),但他仍預(yù)計(jì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)普爾500指數(shù)將在這次衰退中跌至新低。

而且,即使避免了經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退,對(duì)投資者來說也未必是一件好事。

威爾遜寫道:“盡管一些投資者可能會(huì)對(duì)此感到安慰,認(rèn)為這是我們明年可能避免經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退的信號(hào)——美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)可能出現(xiàn)‘軟著陸’,但我們會(huì)提醒股票投資者注意這一結(jié)果,因?yàn)樵谖覀兛磥?,這僅僅意味著,即使企業(yè)盈利預(yù)期下調(diào),美聯(lián)儲(chǔ)也不會(huì)放松政策?!?/p>

在整個(gè)2022年,許多股票投資者一直希望通脹會(huì)下降,讓美聯(lián)儲(chǔ)暫停加息,甚至轉(zhuǎn)向降息。但威爾遜認(rèn)為,隨著通脹消退,企業(yè)收益將受到影響,因?yàn)槊绹?guó)企業(yè)能夠通過提高價(jià)格、將額外成本轉(zhuǎn)嫁給消費(fèi)者來提高利潤(rùn)。

他周一寫道:“利率和通脹可能已經(jīng)見頂,但我們認(rèn)為這是盈利能力的一個(gè)警告信號(hào),我們認(rèn)為這一現(xiàn)實(shí)仍未得到充分重視,但不能再被忽視?!彼a(bǔ)充稱,近幾個(gè)月來“盈利前景已經(jīng)惡化”。(財(cái)富中文網(wǎng))

譯者:中慧言-王芳

在熊市中,股票通常不會(huì)直線下跌。

在過去50年里,即使是在現(xiàn)代最嚴(yán)重的金融危機(jī)中,每次熊市平均也會(huì)出現(xiàn)6.5次短暫反彈。

不出所料,今年的情況也不例外。但一直以來,摩根士丹利(Morgan Stanley)首席投資官和美國(guó)股票策略師邁克·威爾遜(Mike Wilson)都警告投資者不要陷入這些“熊市陷阱”。

在《機(jī)構(gòu)投資者》(Institutional Investor)最新調(diào)查中被評(píng)為全球頂級(jí)股票策略師的威爾遜認(rèn)為,即使在標(biāo)準(zhǔn)普爾500指數(shù)今年下跌逾20%之后,股市仍將進(jìn)一步下跌。他認(rèn)為,投資者過于關(guān)注美聯(lián)儲(chǔ)的加息和通脹,而真正的問題是經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)放緩和企業(yè)盈利衰退。

威爾遜在周一的一份研究報(bào)告中寫道:“盈利衰退本身可能與2008/2009年的情況類似。我們的建議是,在這種結(jié)果真正發(fā)生之前,不要假設(shè)市場(chǎng)正在為這種結(jié)果定價(jià)。”

威爾遜認(rèn)為,標(biāo)準(zhǔn)普爾500指數(shù)將在2023年第一季度從目前的約3800點(diǎn)跌至3000點(diǎn)至3300點(diǎn)之間。到明年年底,他預(yù)計(jì)該指數(shù)將恢復(fù)到3900點(diǎn),在“熊市情況”下甚至?xí)謴?fù)到3500點(diǎn)。

但是,盡管華爾街最近預(yù)測(cè)經(jīng)濟(jì)末日將會(huì)來臨,經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退持續(xù)的時(shí)間是“正常時(shí)間跨度的兩倍”,甚至是“另一種形式的大蕭條”,威爾遜說,經(jīng)濟(jì)可能會(huì)經(jīng)受住利率上升和高通脹的考驗(yàn),或者至少避免“資產(chǎn)負(fù)債表衰退”和“系統(tǒng)性金融風(fēng)險(xiǎn)”。

另一方面,這位策略師對(duì)投資者發(fā)出了令人不寒而栗的警告:“股票的跌幅對(duì)股市的影響將比大多數(shù)投資者預(yù)期的要嚴(yán)重得多?!?/p>

閃回到2008年8月?

威爾遜在周一的報(bào)告中說,投資者正在犯和2008年8月一樣的錯(cuò)誤,他們低估了企業(yè)盈利下降帶來的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。

他寫道:“我們提出這個(gè)問題,是因?yàn)槲覀兘?jīng)常聽到客戶說,大家都知道明年的盈利過高,因此,市場(chǎng)已經(jīng)定好價(jià)了?!彼傅氖菢酚^的盈利預(yù)期?!叭欢覀冇浀迷?008年8月聽到過類似的話,當(dāng)時(shí)我們的盈利模型與市場(chǎng)共識(shí)之間的差距也一樣大?!?/p>

從這一背景來看,到2008年8月中旬,美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)已經(jīng)陷入衰退,標(biāo)準(zhǔn)普爾500指數(shù)較上年同期下跌20%,至1300點(diǎn)左右。許多投資者開始認(rèn)為熊市最糟糕的時(shí)期已經(jīng)過去,但隨著企業(yè)盈利下滑,盈利觸底。

到第二年3月,藍(lán)籌股指數(shù)僅為683點(diǎn)。威爾遜在他的報(bào)告中制作了一張圖表,比較了2008年8月至今的一些關(guān)鍵股市統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)。

他在圖表中指出,標(biāo)準(zhǔn)普爾500指數(shù)目前仍被投資者估值過高。在2008年8月,市盈率約為13倍,但如今已升至16.8倍。

當(dāng)時(shí),美聯(lián)儲(chǔ)也已將利率下調(diào)了3.25%,以挽救美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì),使其擺脫后來被稱為“大金融危機(jī)”的影響。

如今,它計(jì)劃繼續(xù)加息,并維持高利率以對(duì)抗通貨膨脹。威爾遜表示,這一次,“美聯(lián)儲(chǔ)的手腳可能會(huì)受到高通脹的束縛”,這意味著,如果經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退真的發(fā)生,美聯(lián)儲(chǔ)通過降息拯救股市的能力會(huì)減弱。

2008年8月,以消費(fèi)者物價(jià)指數(shù)衡量的同比通脹率為5.3%,目前為7.1%。

威爾遜認(rèn)為股市不會(huì)經(jīng)歷2008年那樣的大跌,因?yàn)榉康禺a(chǎn)市場(chǎng)和銀行體系都處于較好的狀態(tài),但他仍預(yù)計(jì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)普爾500指數(shù)將在這次衰退中跌至新低。

而且,即使避免了經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退,對(duì)投資者來說也未必是一件好事。

威爾遜寫道:“盡管一些投資者可能會(huì)對(duì)此感到安慰,認(rèn)為這是我們明年可能避免經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退的信號(hào)——美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)可能出現(xiàn)‘軟著陸’,但我們會(huì)提醒股票投資者注意這一結(jié)果,因?yàn)樵谖覀兛磥?,這僅僅意味著,即使企業(yè)盈利預(yù)期下調(diào),美聯(lián)儲(chǔ)也不會(huì)放松政策。”

在整個(gè)2022年,許多股票投資者一直希望通脹會(huì)下降,讓美聯(lián)儲(chǔ)暫停加息,甚至轉(zhuǎn)向降息。但威爾遜認(rèn)為,隨著通脹消退,企業(yè)收益將受到影響,因?yàn)槊绹?guó)企業(yè)能夠通過提高價(jià)格、將額外成本轉(zhuǎn)嫁給消費(fèi)者來提高利潤(rùn)。

他周一寫道:“利率和通脹可能已經(jīng)見頂,但我們認(rèn)為這是盈利能力的一個(gè)警告信號(hào),我們認(rèn)為這一現(xiàn)實(shí)仍未得到充分重視,但不能再被忽視?!彼a(bǔ)充稱,近幾個(gè)月來“盈利前景已經(jīng)惡化”。(財(cái)富中文網(wǎng))

譯者:中慧言-王芳

In bear markets, stocks don’t typically fall in a straight line.

Over the past 50 years, even in the worst financial crises of the modern era, brief rallies have occurred 6.5 times on average per bear market.

Unsurprisingly, this year has been no different. But all along the way, Morgan Stanley’s chief investment officer and U.S. equity strategist Mike Wilson has warned investors not to fall into these “bear market traps.”

And even after a more than 20% drop in the S&P 500 this year, Wilson—who received the nod as the world’s top stock strategist in the latest Institutional Investor survey—believes stocks will fall even further. Investors have been too focused on the Federal Reserve’s rate hikes and inflation, he argues, when the real problem is fading economic growth and corporate earnings.

“The earnings recession by itself could be similar to what transpired in 2008/2009,” Wilson wrote in a Monday research note. “Our advice—don’t assume the market is pricing this kind of outcome until it actually happens.”

Wilson believes that the S&P 500 will sink to between 3,000 and 3,300 in the first quarter of 2023 from roughly 3,800 today. And by the end of next year, he expects the index will recover to just 3,900—or even 3,500 in a “bear case.”

But despite recent economic doomsday predictions by Wall Street for a recession that is “double the normal length” or even “another variant of a Great Depression,” Wilson said that the economy will likely weather rising interest rates and high inflation, or at a minimum avoid a “balance sheet recession” and “systemic financial risk.”

For investors, on the other hand, the strategist offered a chilling warning: “[P]rice declines for equities will be much worse than what most investors are expecting.”

A flashback to August 2008?

In his Monday note, Wilson said that investors are making the same mistake they did in August of 2008—underestimating the risk that corporate earnings will fall.

“We bring this up because we often hear from clients that everyone knows earnings are too high next year, and therefore, the market has priced it,” he wrote, referring to optimistic earnings forecasts. “However, we recall hearing similar things in August 2008 when the spread between our earnings model and the street consensus was just as wide.”

For some background, by mid-August 2008, the U.S. economy was already in a recession and the S&P 500 was down 20% on the year to around 1,300. Many investors began to think the worst of the bear market was over, but then the bottom fell out as corporate earnings sank.

By March of the following year, the blue-chip index was sitting at just 683. Wilson created a chart comparing some key stock market stats from August of 2008 to today in his note.

In it, he pointed to the fact that the S&P 500, currently, is still richly valued by investors. In August of 2008, it was trading at roughly 13 times earnings, but today it’s up to 16.8 times.

Back then, the Federal Reserve had also already slashed interest rates by 3.25% in an effort to rescue the U.S. economy from what would later be known as the Great Financial Crisis.

Today it plans to continue raising rates and keep them high to fight inflation. Wilson said that this time “the Fed’s hands may be more tied” by high inflation, meaning it is less able to rescue stocks through rate cuts if a recession does occur.

Year-over-year inflation, as measured by the consumer price index, was 5.3% in August 2008, compared to 7.1% today.

Wilson doesn’t believe stocks will experience as big a drop as they did in 2008 because the housing market and banking system are in a better place, but he still expects the S&P 500 to fall to new lows for this downturn.

And even if a recession is avoided, it may not be a good thing for investors.

“While some investors may take comfort in that fact as a signal we may avoid an economic recession next year—i.e., a ‘soft landing,’ we would caution against that outcome for equity investors because in our view it simply means there is no relief coming from the Fed even as earnings forecasts are cut,” Wilson wrote.

Throughout 2022, many equity investors have been hoping inflation would come down, allowing the Fed to pause its interest rate hikes or even pivot to rate cuts. But Wilson argues earnings will suffer as inflation fades because U.S. corporations were able to increase their profits by raising prices and passing on extra costs to consumers.

“Rates and inflation may have peaked but we see that as a warning sign for profitability, a reality we believe is still under-appreciated but can no longer be ignored,” he wrote on Monday, adding that the “earnings outlook has worsened” in recent months.

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