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這67個(gè)國(guó)家,明年只有10%的人能接種新冠疫苗

DAVID Z. MORRIS
2020-12-09

7億劑疫苗要在92個(gè)中低收入國(guó)家的36億公民中分發(fā)。

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對(duì)于美國(guó),歐洲和東亞大部分地區(qū)的人們而言,新冠疫苗似乎已指日可待。但是,根據(jù)一項(xiàng)新的分析,到2021年底,從蒙古到莫桑比克等67個(gè)發(fā)展中或貧困國(guó)家中,只有十分之一的人能接種疫苗。

周二,人民疫苗聯(lián)盟(People's Vaccine Alliance)詳細(xì)闡述了這一發(fā)現(xiàn)。該聯(lián)盟的成員包括樂(lè)施會(huì)和國(guó)際特赦組織(Amnesty International)等,旨在倡導(dǎo)讓疫苗分配更加公平、接種成本更低。該報(bào)告突出了富裕國(guó)家和相對(duì)不發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家之間的差距。它還表明,即使富裕國(guó)家控制住了疫情,全球仍將有很大一部分地區(qū)要繼續(xù)與新冠疫情斗爭(zhēng)。

據(jù)該疫苗聯(lián)盟稱(chēng),這67個(gè)低收入或中低收入國(guó)家只能通過(guò)一項(xiàng)“新冠肺炎疫苗實(shí)施計(jì)劃”(COVAX)獲得疫苗,該項(xiàng)目旨在整合各國(guó)資源,以擴(kuò)大疫苗的覆蓋范圍。到目前為止,該計(jì)劃已從疫苗大軍中進(jìn)展領(lǐng)先的幾家研發(fā)商處獲得了7億劑疫苗——但這些疫苗要在92個(gè)中低收入國(guó)家的36億公民中分發(fā)。

COVAX計(jì)劃還覆蓋了一些中等收入的國(guó)家,例如越南和巴西,都在為爭(zhēng)取更多的疫苗供應(yīng)而談判。完整的疫苗接種流程需要分兩次注射,但是對(duì)于那些最貧窮的國(guó)家來(lái)說(shuō),只有10%的居民能有這樣的機(jī)會(huì)。

這樣的狀況除了讓這些不發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家繼續(xù)面臨疾病和死亡外,如果阻礙了旅行或貿(mào)易,可能會(huì)對(duì)全球的經(jīng)濟(jì)都產(chǎn)生影響。

人民疫苗聯(lián)盟成員、“前線援助”組織的負(fù)責(zé)人路易斯?尚丹杜(Lois Chingandu)說(shuō):“疫情是一個(gè)全球性的問(wèn)題,需要全球性的解決方案。只要世界上大部分地區(qū)還無(wú)法獲得疫苗,全球的經(jīng)濟(jì)就都將繼續(xù)遭受苦難?!?/p>

人民疫苗聯(lián)盟指出了疫苗短缺的兩個(gè)原因:富裕國(guó)家對(duì)疫苗所謂的“囤積居奇”,和由于知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)控制而限制疫苗生產(chǎn)。

聯(lián)盟成員莫加?卡馬爾?雅尼(Mohga Kamal-Yanni)表示:“富裕國(guó)家人人都能接種疫苗——他們持有的疫苗劑量幾乎足以覆蓋其現(xiàn)有人口的三倍,而貧困國(guó)家甚至都沒(méi)有足夠的資金來(lái)覆蓋醫(yī)護(hù)工作者和重危病人?!?/p>

這是因?yàn)樵谝呙绺?jìng)賽初期,許多富裕國(guó)家都儲(chǔ)備了各種可能有效的疫苗的供應(yīng)?,F(xiàn)在,許多獨(dú)立的疫苗計(jì)劃已在大規(guī)模試驗(yàn)中顯示出希望,可能使這些國(guó)家的劑量超出其實(shí)際所需。

樂(lè)施會(huì)的尼古拉斯?盧西阿尼(Nicholas Lusiani)表示,關(guān)于這些額外劑量如何再分配的討論還“為時(shí)尚早”。“但是疫苗之后還會(huì)面臨各種挑戰(zhàn)——物流等后勤挑戰(zhàn),更不用說(shuō)政治挑戰(zhàn)了,這都使該方法不能成為最理想的解決方案。”

盧西阿尼說(shuō),相反,解決方式應(yīng)該是“一種可靠的公共衛(wèi)生方法,即那一小撮疫苗生產(chǎn)軍團(tuán)能在全球范圍內(nèi)進(jìn)行大規(guī)模、低成本的生產(chǎn)。”

為了實(shí)現(xiàn)這一目標(biāo),人民疫苗聯(lián)盟呼吁所有生產(chǎn)新冠疫苗的制藥商通過(guò)世界衛(wèi)生組織共享其技術(shù)和知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)。最近,印度和南非還更進(jìn)一步,呼吁世界貿(mào)易組織免除對(duì)新冠疫苗的知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)保護(hù),以便更多的公司可以生產(chǎn)該疫苗,從而更有可能在世界范圍內(nèi)改善疫苗覆蓋率。

輝瑞公司并沒(méi)有聲明其對(duì)技術(shù)共享問(wèn)題的態(tài)度。相反,該公司強(qiáng)調(diào)稱(chēng)自己已經(jīng)具備“在獲得批準(zhǔn)或授權(quán)后在全球范圍內(nèi)分發(fā)疫苗的能力”。

Moderna則對(duì)這一新的分析報(bào)告不予置評(píng)。

“坦白說(shuō),眼下言辭和現(xiàn)實(shí)差距懸殊,無(wú)法為世界各地的人們帶來(lái)公平、公正的結(jié)果?!笔澜缧l(wèi)生組織緊急衛(wèi)生事務(wù)部執(zhí)行總監(jiān)邁克?瑞安(Mike Ryan)說(shuō)?!拔覀冇薪ㄔO(shè)性地規(guī)劃,但仍沒(méi)有足夠的資金來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)這一其實(shí)不太可能實(shí)現(xiàn)的目標(biāo)?!?/p>

美國(guó)拒絕為此提供資金。特朗普政府在9月宣布,美國(guó)不會(huì)為COVAX做出任何貢獻(xiàn)。今天,聯(lián)邦政府公布了進(jìn)一步擴(kuò)大疫苗儲(chǔ)備的措施,以便在向其他國(guó)家提供援助之前,保證美國(guó)人優(yōu)先接種。

相比之下,歐盟已向COVAX計(jì)劃投入了1億歐元。歐盟的各成員國(guó)也分別向COVAX捐款,其中包括法國(guó)承諾追加的1億歐元。

樂(lè)施會(huì)衛(wèi)生政策經(jīng)理安娜?萬(wàn)豪(Anna Marriott)說(shuō):“沒(méi)有人應(yīng)該因?yàn)樽约荷硖幉话l(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家,或經(jīng)濟(jì)拮據(jù)而無(wú)法獲得救命的疫苗。除非有重大變化發(fā)生,否則在未來(lái)的幾年內(nèi),全球都會(huì)有數(shù)十億人無(wú)法獲得安全有效的新冠疫苗。”(財(cái)富中文網(wǎng))

編譯:陳聰聰

對(duì)于美國(guó),歐洲和東亞大部分地區(qū)的人們而言,新冠疫苗似乎已指日可待。但是,根據(jù)一項(xiàng)新的分析,到2021年底,從蒙古到莫桑比克等67個(gè)發(fā)展中或貧困國(guó)家中,只有十分之一的人能接種疫苗。

周二,人民疫苗聯(lián)盟(People's Vaccine Alliance)詳細(xì)闡述了這一發(fā)現(xiàn)。該聯(lián)盟的成員包括樂(lè)施會(huì)和國(guó)際特赦組織(Amnesty International)等,旨在倡導(dǎo)讓疫苗分配更加公平、接種成本更低。該報(bào)告突出了富裕國(guó)家和相對(duì)不發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家之間的差距。它還表明,即使富裕國(guó)家控制住了疫情,全球仍將有很大一部分地區(qū)要繼續(xù)與新冠疫情斗爭(zhēng)。

據(jù)該疫苗聯(lián)盟稱(chēng),這67個(gè)低收入或中低收入國(guó)家只能通過(guò)一項(xiàng)“新冠肺炎疫苗實(shí)施計(jì)劃”(COVAX)獲得疫苗,該項(xiàng)目旨在整合各國(guó)資源,以擴(kuò)大疫苗的覆蓋范圍。到目前為止,該計(jì)劃已從疫苗大軍中進(jìn)展領(lǐng)先的幾家研發(fā)商處獲得了7億劑疫苗——但這些疫苗要在92個(gè)中低收入國(guó)家的36億公民中分發(fā)。

COVAX計(jì)劃還覆蓋了一些中等收入的國(guó)家,例如越南和巴西,都在為爭(zhēng)取更多的疫苗供應(yīng)而談判。完整的疫苗接種流程需要分兩次注射,但是對(duì)于那些最貧窮的國(guó)家來(lái)說(shuō),只有10%的居民能有這樣的機(jī)會(huì)。

這樣的狀況除了讓這些不發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家繼續(xù)面臨疾病和死亡外,如果阻礙了旅行或貿(mào)易,可能會(huì)對(duì)全球的經(jīng)濟(jì)都產(chǎn)生影響。

人民疫苗聯(lián)盟成員、“前線援助”組織的負(fù)責(zé)人路易斯?尚丹杜(Lois Chingandu)說(shuō):“疫情是一個(gè)全球性的問(wèn)題,需要全球性的解決方案。只要世界上大部分地區(qū)還無(wú)法獲得疫苗,全球的經(jīng)濟(jì)就都將繼續(xù)遭受苦難?!?/p>

人民疫苗聯(lián)盟指出了疫苗短缺的兩個(gè)原因:富裕國(guó)家對(duì)疫苗所謂的“囤積居奇”,和由于知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)控制而限制疫苗生產(chǎn)。

聯(lián)盟成員莫加?卡馬爾?雅尼(Mohga Kamal-Yanni)表示:“富裕國(guó)家人人都能接種疫苗——他們持有的疫苗劑量幾乎足以覆蓋其現(xiàn)有人口的三倍,而貧困國(guó)家甚至都沒(méi)有足夠的資金來(lái)覆蓋醫(yī)護(hù)工作者和重危病人。”

這是因?yàn)樵谝呙绺?jìng)賽初期,許多富裕國(guó)家都儲(chǔ)備了各種可能有效的疫苗的供應(yīng)?,F(xiàn)在,許多獨(dú)立的疫苗計(jì)劃已在大規(guī)模試驗(yàn)中顯示出希望,可能使這些國(guó)家的劑量超出其實(shí)際所需。

樂(lè)施會(huì)的尼古拉斯?盧西阿尼(Nicholas Lusiani)表示,關(guān)于這些額外劑量如何再分配的討論還“為時(shí)尚早”?!暗且呙缰筮€會(huì)面臨各種挑戰(zhàn)——物流等后勤挑戰(zhàn),更不用說(shuō)政治挑戰(zhàn)了,這都使該方法不能成為最理想的解決方案。”

盧西阿尼說(shuō),相反,解決方式應(yīng)該是“一種可靠的公共衛(wèi)生方法,即那一小撮疫苗生產(chǎn)軍團(tuán)能在全球范圍內(nèi)進(jìn)行大規(guī)模、低成本的生產(chǎn)?!?/p>

為了實(shí)現(xiàn)這一目標(biāo),人民疫苗聯(lián)盟呼吁所有生產(chǎn)新冠疫苗的制藥商通過(guò)世界衛(wèi)生組織共享其技術(shù)和知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)。最近,印度和南非還更進(jìn)一步,呼吁世界貿(mào)易組織免除對(duì)新冠疫苗的知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)保護(hù),以便更多的公司可以生產(chǎn)該疫苗,從而更有可能在世界范圍內(nèi)改善疫苗覆蓋率。

輝瑞公司并沒(méi)有聲明其對(duì)技術(shù)共享問(wèn)題的態(tài)度。相反,該公司強(qiáng)調(diào)稱(chēng)自己已經(jīng)具備“在獲得批準(zhǔn)或授權(quán)后在全球范圍內(nèi)分發(fā)疫苗的能力”。

Moderna則對(duì)這一新的分析報(bào)告不予置評(píng)。

“坦白說(shuō),眼下言辭和現(xiàn)實(shí)差距懸殊,無(wú)法為世界各地的人們帶來(lái)公平、公正的結(jié)果。”世界衛(wèi)生組織緊急衛(wèi)生事務(wù)部執(zhí)行總監(jiān)邁克?瑞安(Mike Ryan)說(shuō)?!拔覀冇薪ㄔO(shè)性地規(guī)劃,但仍沒(méi)有足夠的資金來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)這一其實(shí)不太可能實(shí)現(xiàn)的目標(biāo)?!?/p>

美國(guó)拒絕為此提供資金。特朗普政府在9月宣布,美國(guó)不會(huì)為COVAX做出任何貢獻(xiàn)。今天,聯(lián)邦政府公布了進(jìn)一步擴(kuò)大疫苗儲(chǔ)備的措施,以便在向其他國(guó)家提供援助之前,保證美國(guó)人優(yōu)先接種。

相比之下,歐盟已向COVAX計(jì)劃投入了1億歐元。歐盟的各成員國(guó)也分別向COVAX捐款,其中包括法國(guó)承諾追加的1億歐元。

樂(lè)施會(huì)衛(wèi)生政策經(jīng)理安娜?萬(wàn)豪(Anna Marriott)說(shuō):“沒(méi)有人應(yīng)該因?yàn)樽约荷硖幉话l(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家,或經(jīng)濟(jì)拮據(jù)而無(wú)法獲得救命的疫苗。除非有重大變化發(fā)生,否則在未來(lái)的幾年內(nèi),全球都會(huì)有數(shù)十億人無(wú)法獲得安全有效的新冠疫苗?!保ㄘ?cái)富中文網(wǎng))

編譯:陳聰聰

For people in the U.S., Europe, and much of East Asia, a coronavirus vaccine is starting to seem right around the corner. But in 67 developing or poor countries from Mongolia to Mozambique, only one out of every 10 people will be vaccinated by the end of 2021, according to a new analysis.

The finding, detailed Tuesday by the People’s Vaccine Alliance, a coalition including Oxfam and Amnesty International that advocates for equitable and low-cost vaccine access, highlights the disparities between richer and less well-off countries. It also shows that a large part of the world will likely be grappling with COVID for some time to come, even after wealthy countries get it under control.

The 67 low or lower-middle-income countries, according to PVA, will have access to a vaccine only through COVAX, a project that aims to pool resources from many countries to broaden vaccine access. So far, COVAX has secured 700 million vaccine doses from the developers of leading vaccine candidates—but those doses will be shared across 3.6 billion citizens of COVAX's 92 lower- and middle-income recipient countries.

COVAX also includes some middle-income countries, such as Vietnam and Brazil, which are negotiating independently for additional vaccine supplies. But for the poorest countries, that means a two-dose vaccination sequence has been secured for only 10% of residents.

In addition to ongoing illness and death in those countries, that could have worldwide economic impacts if it hampers travel or trade.

“This pandemic is a global problem that requires a global solution,” said Lois Chingandu, director of Frontline AIDS, a People’s Vaccine Alliance member. “The global economy will continue to suffer so long as much of the world does not have access to a vaccine.”

The People’s Vaccine Alliance cites two factors in the shortfall: what it calls “hoarding” of the vaccine by wealthy nations, and limits on vaccine production because of intellectual-property controls.

“Rich countries have enough doses to vaccinate everyone nearly three times over, whilst poor countries don’t even have enough to reach health workers and people at risk,” says Dr. Mohga Kamal-Yanni of the PVA.

That’s because early in the vaccine race, many rich countries reserved supplies from multiple vaccine candidates. Now a large number of separate vaccine programs have shown promise in large-scale trials, potentially leaving those countries with more earmarked doses than they need.

According to Nicholas Lusiani of Oxfam, “very early” discussions are taking place about how to redistribute those extra doses. “But the logistical, not to mention political, challenges make this not the most ideal solution.”

Instead, Lusiani says, the answer is “a proven public health measure of mass, low-cost production by a small army of producers worldwide.”

To make that possible, the People’s Vaccine Alliance is calling on all pharmaceutical makers working on COVID-19 vaccines to share their technology and intellectual property through the World Health Organization. India and South Africa recently went a step further, calling on the World Trade Organization to exempt COVID-19 vaccines from intellectual-property protections so that more companies could manufacture the vaccine, potentially improving access worldwide.

In a statement, Pfizer did not address the technology-sharing call. Instead, it emphasized that it has developed the “capability to distribute the vaccine globally upon approval or authorization.”

Moderna did not reply to a request for comment about the new analysis.

“Quite frankly, right now, there's too much of a gap between the rhetoric and the reality [to] deliver on a fair and equitable result for people around the world,” says Dr. Mike Ryan, executive director of the World Health Organization’s Health Emergencies program. “We have the architectural drawings for this moonshot, but we still don't have the financing to make that happen.”

The United States has declined to help with that financing. The Trump administration announced in September that the U.S. would not contribute to COVAX. Today, the federal government announced further measures to reserve COVID vaccine supplies for Americans before assistance goes to other countries.

By contrast, the EU has committed €100 million to the COVAX effort. EU member states have also contributed to COVAX individually, including an additional €100 million commitment from France.

“No one should be blocked from getting a lifesaving vaccine because of the country they live in or the amount of money in their pocket,” said Anna Marriott, Oxfam’s health policy manager. “But unless something changes dramatically, billions of people around the world will not receive a safe and effective vaccine for COVID-19 for years to come.”

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