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美國(guó)證交會(huì)重金鼓勵(lì)員工舉報(bào)企業(yè)違規(guī)行為

GEOFF COLVIN
2020-11-26

證交會(huì)的新規(guī)降低了理論上的最高獎(jiǎng)金數(shù)額,不過(guò)這筆獎(jiǎng)金仍然是很豐厚的。

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近日,美國(guó)證交會(huì)出臺(tái)了一條新規(guī),抬高了對(duì)違法違規(guī)行為舉報(bào)者的賞格。根據(jù)這一規(guī)定,舉報(bào)者最高可能獲得上億美元的獎(jiǎng)金,而且獎(jiǎng)金的發(fā)放速度也將更快。

證交會(huì)的新規(guī)降低了理論上的最高獎(jiǎng)金數(shù)額,不過(guò)這筆獎(jiǎng)金仍然是很豐厚的。今年10月,就在新規(guī)實(shí)施的幾周后,美國(guó)證交會(huì)向一位匿名舉報(bào)人發(fā)放了1.14億美元的獎(jiǎng)金,這也是證交會(huì)的舉報(bào)人計(jì)劃實(shí)施8年來(lái)誕生的單筆最高獎(jiǎng)金。在美國(guó),向政府舉報(bào)企業(yè)的違法違規(guī)行為仍然是一條發(fā)家致富的捷徑。不過(guò)有人認(rèn)為,這個(gè)政策也是有問(wèn)題的。

美國(guó)證交會(huì)的舉報(bào)人計(jì)劃是基于《多德弗蘭克法案》建立的。根據(jù)該計(jì)劃,舉報(bào)人可以憑借他向政府舉報(bào)的“原始信息”,從相關(guān)企業(yè)不法行為的罰金或贓款中拿到10%至30%作為獎(jiǎng)金。美國(guó)證交會(huì)的罰款數(shù)額經(jīng)常是相當(dāng)巨大的。今年6月,證交會(huì)曾向一名舉報(bào)者支付了5000萬(wàn)美元獎(jiǎng)金,創(chuàng)下了當(dāng)時(shí)的最高紀(jì)錄,事由是他舉報(bào)紐約梅隆銀行在貨幣交易中存在向客戶高收費(fèi)的問(wèn)題。(美國(guó)證交會(huì)不會(huì)透露舉報(bào)人的姓名和其他身份信息,但這位舉報(bào)人的身份后來(lái)還是不知怎么被公開(kāi)了。)再往前的紀(jì)錄則在2018年,獎(jiǎng)金是3900萬(wàn)美元。同一年還有兩個(gè)人分享了5000萬(wàn)美元的獎(jiǎng)金。證交會(huì)的舉報(bào)人計(jì)劃對(duì)“另一機(jī)構(gòu)的相關(guān)行動(dòng)”取得的成績(jī)也會(huì)給予獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)。比如最近這位獲得1.14億美元獎(jiǎng)金的舉報(bào)者,他有5200萬(wàn)美元的獎(jiǎng)金來(lái)自證交會(huì)查辦的一起案子,其余獎(jiǎng)金則來(lái)自另一部門辦的案子。

當(dāng)然,大多數(shù)時(shí)候,證交會(huì)發(fā)放的獎(jiǎng)金并沒(méi)有這么令人咂舌。據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì),大約75%的獎(jiǎng)金在500萬(wàn)美元以下。不過(guò)根據(jù)新規(guī),這部分獎(jiǎng)金的數(shù)額有可能會(huì)有所提高,發(fā)放速度也會(huì)更快。許多舉報(bào)人及其代理律師都曾抱怨過(guò),說(shuō)他們等了好幾年才拿到這筆錢。所以現(xiàn)在證交會(huì)給獎(jiǎng)金額度立了個(gè)門檻——繳獲罰金總額的30%,前提是擬發(fā)放獎(jiǎng)金在500萬(wàn)美元以下時(shí)。根據(jù)這一規(guī)定,如果案件中不存在任何“影響?yīng)剟?lì)的負(fù)面因素”——比如舉報(bào)人自己也參與了該違法違規(guī)行為,那么證交會(huì)就無(wú)需花時(shí)間決定獎(jiǎng)金數(shù)額,而會(huì)迅速發(fā)放30%的罰金作為獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)。經(jīng)常為舉報(bào)人代理的華盛頓律師埃瑞卡·凱爾頓表示:“獎(jiǎng)金的決定過(guò)程總是一拖再拖,而新規(guī)確實(shí)可以加快進(jìn)程?!?

但是對(duì)于大筆的獎(jiǎng)金,也就是500萬(wàn)美元以上的,證交會(huì)的規(guī)定則有所收緊。到目前為止,證交會(huì)獎(jiǎng)金的發(fā)放主要取決于兩個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn),一是舉報(bào)信息的重要性,二是舉報(bào)者持續(xù)的合作與協(xié)助?,F(xiàn)在證交會(huì)也在考慮獎(jiǎng)金數(shù)額本身的問(wèn)題,也就是說(shuō)如果證交會(huì)覺(jué)得獎(jiǎng)金金額過(guò)高了,也可能自行調(diào)低數(shù)額。對(duì)此,凱爾頓認(rèn)為:“他們正在改變規(guī)則,這里有很大的黑箱操作空間,也是我們的客戶擔(dān)心的一個(gè)問(wèn)題。”

向舉報(bào)者發(fā)放這么巨額的獎(jiǎng)金真的好嗎?美國(guó)證交會(huì)舉報(bào)人辦公室主任簡(jiǎn)·諾伯格當(dāng)然不會(huì)覺(jué)得有什么不對(duì)。“事實(shí)證明,舉報(bào)人是執(zhí)法部門打擊欺詐行為、保護(hù)投資者利益的一個(gè)重要工具?!彼硎尽V刭p之下,必有勇夫,對(duì)于舉報(bào)人來(lái)說(shuō),大額獎(jiǎng)金是必要的。雖然理論上講,舉報(bào)人會(huì)受到聯(lián)邦法律保護(hù),以免遭到雇主打擊報(bào)復(fù)。但實(shí)際上,舉報(bào)人是有可能丟掉飯碗的,甚至有可能成為全行業(yè)的棄子。

特拉華大學(xué)約翰溫伯格企業(yè)治理中心主任查爾斯·埃爾森認(rèn)為:“為舉報(bào)人提供經(jīng)濟(jì)獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)的做法存在很多問(wèn)題。我支持檢舉揭發(fā)的行為,我認(rèn)為這是一種有效的做法。但證交會(huì)的這種舉報(bào)獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)制度,會(huì)使舉報(bào)人不去嘗試首先通過(guò)公司內(nèi)部解決問(wèn)題?!?/p>

過(guò)去20年中,隨著安然、大眾汽車、富國(guó)銀行等大企業(yè)相繼爆出丑聞,很多企業(yè)都建立了合規(guī)制度,鼓勵(lì)員工向公司專門的合規(guī)辦公室甚至直接向董事會(huì)舉報(bào)違法違規(guī)行為。不過(guò)與向證交會(huì)舉報(bào)不同的是,公司內(nèi)部對(duì)舉報(bào)不會(huì)給你一分錢的獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)。換做是你,你會(huì)選擇向誰(shuí)舉報(bào)?所以埃爾森認(rèn)為,證交會(huì)的舉報(bào)人計(jì)劃“對(duì)企業(yè)的合規(guī)制度確實(shí)有害”。

諷刺的是,無(wú)論是各大企業(yè),還是美國(guó)證交會(huì),都希望鼓勵(lì)企業(yè)的合規(guī)建設(shè)。但現(xiàn)實(shí)是骨感的。舉報(bào)是一個(gè)有風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的行為,肯冒風(fēng)險(xiǎn)去舉報(bào)的人,八成還是更愿意去證交會(huì)領(lǐng)獎(jiǎng)金。隨著證交會(huì)新規(guī)的施行,這種行為應(yīng)該只會(huì)有增無(wú)減。(財(cái)富中文網(wǎng))

譯者:樸成奎

近日,美國(guó)證交會(huì)出臺(tái)了一條新規(guī),抬高了對(duì)違法違規(guī)行為舉報(bào)者的賞格。根據(jù)這一規(guī)定,舉報(bào)者最高可能獲得上億美元的獎(jiǎng)金,而且獎(jiǎng)金的發(fā)放速度也將更快。

證交會(huì)的新規(guī)降低了理論上的最高獎(jiǎng)金數(shù)額,不過(guò)這筆獎(jiǎng)金仍然是很豐厚的。今年10月,就在新規(guī)實(shí)施的幾周后,美國(guó)證交會(huì)向一位匿名舉報(bào)人發(fā)放了1.14億美元的獎(jiǎng)金,這也是證交會(huì)的舉報(bào)人計(jì)劃實(shí)施8年來(lái)誕生的單筆最高獎(jiǎng)金。在美國(guó),向政府舉報(bào)企業(yè)的違法違規(guī)行為仍然是一條發(fā)家致富的捷徑。不過(guò)有人認(rèn)為,這個(gè)政策也是有問(wèn)題的。

美國(guó)證交會(huì)的舉報(bào)人計(jì)劃是基于《多德弗蘭克法案》建立的。根據(jù)該計(jì)劃,舉報(bào)人可以憑借他向政府舉報(bào)的“原始信息”,從相關(guān)企業(yè)不法行為的罰金或贓款中拿到10%至30%作為獎(jiǎng)金。美國(guó)證交會(huì)的罰款數(shù)額經(jīng)常是相當(dāng)巨大的。今年6月,證交會(huì)曾向一名舉報(bào)者支付了5000萬(wàn)美元獎(jiǎng)金,創(chuàng)下了當(dāng)時(shí)的最高紀(jì)錄,事由是他舉報(bào)紐約梅隆銀行在貨幣交易中存在向客戶高收費(fèi)的問(wèn)題。(美國(guó)證交會(huì)不會(huì)透露舉報(bào)人的姓名和其他身份信息,但這位舉報(bào)人的身份后來(lái)還是不知怎么被公開(kāi)了。)再往前的紀(jì)錄則在2018年,獎(jiǎng)金是3900萬(wàn)美元。同一年還有兩個(gè)人分享了5000萬(wàn)美元的獎(jiǎng)金。證交會(huì)的舉報(bào)人計(jì)劃對(duì)“另一機(jī)構(gòu)的相關(guān)行動(dòng)”取得的成績(jī)也會(huì)給予獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)。比如最近這位獲得1.14億美元獎(jiǎng)金的舉報(bào)者,他有5200萬(wàn)美元的獎(jiǎng)金來(lái)自證交會(huì)查辦的一起案子,其余獎(jiǎng)金則來(lái)自另一部門辦的案子。

當(dāng)然,大多數(shù)時(shí)候,證交會(huì)發(fā)放的獎(jiǎng)金并沒(méi)有這么令人咂舌。據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì),大約75%的獎(jiǎng)金在500萬(wàn)美元以下。不過(guò)根據(jù)新規(guī),這部分獎(jiǎng)金的數(shù)額有可能會(huì)有所提高,發(fā)放速度也會(huì)更快。許多舉報(bào)人及其代理律師都曾抱怨過(guò),說(shuō)他們等了好幾年才拿到這筆錢。所以現(xiàn)在證交會(huì)給獎(jiǎng)金額度立了個(gè)門檻——繳獲罰金總額的30%,前提是擬發(fā)放獎(jiǎng)金在500萬(wàn)美元以下時(shí)。根據(jù)這一規(guī)定,如果案件中不存在任何“影響?yīng)剟?lì)的負(fù)面因素”——比如舉報(bào)人自己也參與了該違法違規(guī)行為,那么證交會(huì)就無(wú)需花時(shí)間決定獎(jiǎng)金數(shù)額,而會(huì)迅速發(fā)放30%的罰金作為獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)。經(jīng)常為舉報(bào)人代理的華盛頓律師埃瑞卡·凱爾頓表示:“獎(jiǎng)金的決定過(guò)程總是一拖再拖,而新規(guī)確實(shí)可以加快進(jìn)程?!?

但是對(duì)于大筆的獎(jiǎng)金,也就是500萬(wàn)美元以上的,證交會(huì)的規(guī)定則有所收緊。到目前為止,證交會(huì)獎(jiǎng)金的發(fā)放主要取決于兩個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn),一是舉報(bào)信息的重要性,二是舉報(bào)者持續(xù)的合作與協(xié)助?,F(xiàn)在證交會(huì)也在考慮獎(jiǎng)金數(shù)額本身的問(wèn)題,也就是說(shuō)如果證交會(huì)覺(jué)得獎(jiǎng)金金額過(guò)高了,也可能自行調(diào)低數(shù)額。對(duì)此,凱爾頓認(rèn)為:“他們正在改變規(guī)則,這里有很大的黑箱操作空間,也是我們的客戶擔(dān)心的一個(gè)問(wèn)題?!?/p>

向舉報(bào)者發(fā)放這么巨額的獎(jiǎng)金真的好嗎?美國(guó)證交會(huì)舉報(bào)人辦公室主任簡(jiǎn)·諾伯格當(dāng)然不會(huì)覺(jué)得有什么不對(duì)。“事實(shí)證明,舉報(bào)人是執(zhí)法部門打擊欺詐行為、保護(hù)投資者利益的一個(gè)重要工具。”她表示。重賞之下,必有勇夫,對(duì)于舉報(bào)人來(lái)說(shuō),大額獎(jiǎng)金是必要的。雖然理論上講,舉報(bào)人會(huì)受到聯(lián)邦法律保護(hù),以免遭到雇主打擊報(bào)復(fù)。但實(shí)際上,舉報(bào)人是有可能丟掉飯碗的,甚至有可能成為全行業(yè)的棄子。

特拉華大學(xué)約翰溫伯格企業(yè)治理中心主任查爾斯·埃爾森認(rèn)為:“為舉報(bào)人提供經(jīng)濟(jì)獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)的做法存在很多問(wèn)題。我支持檢舉揭發(fā)的行為,我認(rèn)為這是一種有效的做法。但證交會(huì)的這種舉報(bào)獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)制度,會(huì)使舉報(bào)人不去嘗試首先通過(guò)公司內(nèi)部解決問(wèn)題?!?/p>

過(guò)去20年中,隨著安然、大眾汽車、富國(guó)銀行等大企業(yè)相繼爆出丑聞,很多企業(yè)都建立了合規(guī)制度,鼓勵(lì)員工向公司專門的合規(guī)辦公室甚至直接向董事會(huì)舉報(bào)違法違規(guī)行為。不過(guò)與向證交會(huì)舉報(bào)不同的是,公司內(nèi)部對(duì)舉報(bào)不會(huì)給你一分錢的獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)。換做是你,你會(huì)選擇向誰(shuí)舉報(bào)?所以埃爾森認(rèn)為,證交會(huì)的舉報(bào)人計(jì)劃“對(duì)企業(yè)的合規(guī)制度確實(shí)有害”。

諷刺的是,無(wú)論是各大企業(yè),還是美國(guó)證交會(huì),都希望鼓勵(lì)企業(yè)的合規(guī)建設(shè)。但現(xiàn)實(shí)是骨感的。舉報(bào)是一個(gè)有風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的行為,肯冒風(fēng)險(xiǎn)去舉報(bào)的人,八成還是更愿意去證交會(huì)領(lǐng)獎(jiǎng)金。隨著證交會(huì)新規(guī)的施行,這種行為應(yīng)該只會(huì)有增無(wú)減。(財(cái)富中文網(wǎng))

譯者:樸成奎

New rules mean corporate whistleblowers can get even more money as a reward from the Securities and Exchange Commission, potentially millions more—and get it faster.

While the very biggest rewards could be reduced under the new rules, they can still be staggering. In October, just weeks after adopting the new rules, the SEC awarded an anonymous whistleblower $114 million—by far the biggest award in the whistleblower program’s eight-year existence. Telling the government about corporate malfeasance can still make you rich, and some people think that’s a problem.

The Dodd-Frank law established the program, which can pay whistleblowers 10% to 30% of the amounts the SEC collects from actions it takes based on “original information” supplied by an individual. SEC fines can be huge, and so can the awards. In June, the SEC paid its then-biggest award ever, $50 million, to an individual who reported the overcharging of clients for currency trades at Bank of New York Mellon (the SEC never discloses the names or other details of awardees, but the identity of this one became public). The previous record was a $39 million bounty in 2018; that same year, two people shared a $50 million award. The SEC program can also pay awards “arising out of the related actions of another agency.” The recipient of the recent $114 million award got $52 million from the SEC case and the rest from a separate agency’s case.

Most SEC awards aren’t nearly that big. About 75% of them are $5 million or less, and those are the ones that will be faster and potentially bigger under the new rules. Many whistleblowers and the lawyers who represent them have complained that getting the money can take years. So now the SEC has established a default award at the top of the range: 30% of the amount collected, in cases where the resulting award would be $5 million or less. If there aren’t any “negative Award Factors”—for example, the whistleblower’s participation in the violation being reported—the Commission won’t spend time deciding the amount and will quickly pay out a 30% award. “The determinations have been mired in delay,” says Erika Kelton, a Washington-D.C.-based lawyer who represents whistleblowers. “This could really expedite things.”

But for the big money—if you don’t consider $5 million for an individual tipster big money—the Commission is tightening the rules. Until now, the amount of an award was based on two criteria: the significance of the information provided and the tipster’s continuing cooperation and assistance. Now the Commissioners will also consider the amount of the award itself, meaning they could reduce the amount if it just seems too big. “They’re changing the rules,” says Kelton. “That’s a big black box and a concern for our clients.”

Is paying such giant bounties a good idea? Jane Norberg, chief of the SEC's Office of the Whistleblower, certainly thinks so. "Whistleblowers have proven to be a critical tool in the enforcement arsenal to combat fraud and protect investors," she says. And big awards may be necessary to incentivize tipsters, who are protected by federal law against retaliation by their employers but nonetheless may lose their jobs or become pariahs in their industry.

Still, “offering financial incentives for whistleblowing has a lot of problems,” says Charles Elson, director of the John L. Weinberg Center for Corporate Governance at the University of Delaware and a longtime member of corporate boards. “I believe in whistleblowing. I think it’s effective. But the way they’ve structured it [at the SEC], you discourage the whistleblower from going internally first.”

In the wake of corporate scandals over the past 20 years—Enron, Volkswagen, Wells Fargo—many companies have established compliance programs that encourage employees to report bad behavior to a special compliance office or even directly to the board of directors. Unlike calling the SEC, however, that won’t earn them a dime. Which would you choose? Elson says the SEC program “is really detrimental to compliance programs.”

The irony is that big corporations and the SEC both want to encourage compliance. But in the real world, blowing the whistle is risky, and individuals balancing risk against reward will most likely keep going to the SEC—perhaps now even more so.

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