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在2016年10月的時候，從大學(xué)輟學(xué)的詹姆斯·埃勒放棄了教中提琴的夢想，在堪薩斯城靠著送披薩勉強過活?；貞浧鹉嵌稳兆?，他說道：“在我腦子里有個聲音說：‘你沒有事業(yè)，也沒有未來?！?/p>

這時，他聽一位朋友說起，在1800英里外的加州弗里蒙特，有一所新建立的、名為“42”的編程學(xué)校，免費教人學(xué)習(xí)編程。報名者不需要懂任何電腦知識，甚至連高中文憑也不需要，就連宿舍都是免費的。聽到這天方夜譚似的傳說，現(xiàn)年30歲的埃勒嗤之以鼻。“我說：‘好吧，呵呵，免費。’”轉(zhuǎn)念又一想，反正自己也沒有什么好失去的了。于是他賣了自己的汽車，買了一張西行的機票。

兩年多后，我在巴黎市北部的42學(xué)校本部的大廳里見到了埃勒——沒錯，這所學(xué)校的本部位于巴黎，加州弗里蒙特只是它的分校。42學(xué)校是一項非常大膽的教育實驗，旨在解決科技行業(yè)長期缺乏熟練編程人員的難題。埃勒表示，送披薩的日子早就成為歷史了，他現(xiàn)在正為下一步的工作發(fā)愁——是今年夏天畢業(yè)后加入一家公司，還是自己創(chuàng)業(yè)呢？“畢竟有這么多的可能性?！彼f。

早在2013年，也就是42學(xué)校剛剛招收第一批學(xué)生時，我就曾代表《財富》雜志造訪過這所學(xué)校。當(dāng)時很多新生剛到巴黎時身無分文，晚上就睡在睡袋里，外賣餐盒和啤酒瓶散落在各個房間。站在一片亂哄哄的人群中，42學(xué)校的創(chuàng)始人、電信行業(yè)高管澤維爾·尼爾（他也是法國最富有的人之一）顯得激動不已。當(dāng)時他對我說：“我們會造成一些影響的?！?/p>

尼爾創(chuàng)辦42學(xué)校的創(chuàng)意來自于他本人的經(jīng)歷，他并沒有大學(xué)文憑，而是自學(xué)的編程。早在國際互聯(lián)網(wǎng)出現(xiàn)之前的Minitel時代（由法國自行建立的一個國家網(wǎng)絡(luò)），他就開始了自己的編程生涯。他甚至還編過一個約炮軟件，并且以5000萬美元的價格賣了出去。后來他創(chuàng)辦了一家名叫Iliad的上市公司，它也是低成本電信公司Free的母公司。2017年，他在巴黎東部創(chuàng)辦了一個名叫Station F的科技孵化器?，F(xiàn)年51歲的尼爾認(rèn)為，法國的傳統(tǒng)教育（用他的話說是“最糟糕的”）將孩子們限制在了預(yù)定的軌道上，讓他們思維僵化、無心進(jìn)取。他在自己的公司里也感到了這種影響。

為了打碎這些傳統(tǒng)，尼爾自己掏出7800萬美元創(chuàng)辦了42學(xué)校。這所學(xué)校沒有學(xué)費，沒有教師，也沒有教室。學(xué)生們?nèi)孔詫W(xué)，如果他們需要幫助，就去問其他同學(xué)，或者自己解決問題。為了保持這種叛逆精神，他給學(xué)校起名為“42”，因為在反主流文化的經(jīng)典之作《銀河系漫游指南》（The Hitchhiker’s Guide to the Galaxy）中，42是“一切問題的答案”。學(xué)校的第一幢樓外面還掛著一面海盜旗。據(jù)悉，每年有40000余人報名參加42學(xué)校的在線邏輯測試。從這40000人中，學(xué)校會選擇3000人參加為期一個月的新訓(xùn)營，這個新訓(xùn)營名叫“Piscine”，在法語中是“游泳池”的意思。根據(jù)表現(xiàn)，最終從這3000人中選擇1800人，進(jìn)入學(xué)校的兩個校區(qū)學(xué)習(xí)。

現(xiàn)在，那面海盜旗已經(jīng)不見了，走廊里的睡袋也不多了。學(xué)校的墻上陳列著不少令人印象深刻的藝術(shù)作品。經(jīng)常為法國電信行業(yè)站臺的馬克龍總統(tǒng)也是這里的?？汀２贿^，42學(xué)校仍然給人一種創(chuàng)業(yè)公司般雜亂而有生氣的感覺。比如經(jīng)常有幾十個人盯著電腦顯示器專注地學(xué)習(xí)，學(xué)校大廳里則堆著一堆滑雪板。

42學(xué)校創(chuàng)辦以來，差不多6年過去了，它究竟造成了多大的影響？

尼爾相信，經(jīng)過6年的發(fā)展，42學(xué)校已經(jīng)證明了他的觀點——程序員的成功只需要兩件事，一是要掌握邏輯，二是要有雄心壯志。他坐在Iliad集團(tuán)總部大樓頂層，從這里可以俯瞰巴黎全景?！澳悴⒉恍枰屑夹g(shù)才能編程，也不需要擅長數(shù)學(xué)。隨便從大街上抓幾個人……”說到這兒，他打了個響指道：“他們也能成為世界上最好的程序員?！痹?2的學(xué)生中，大約有40%沒有高中文憑。“我們的想法是，你不是通過看人們能做什么而去選擇人，而是要完全忘了他們之前是做什么的?！?/p>

42學(xué)校已經(jīng)有了很多令人印象深刻的成功故事。

賈絲明·安泰尼斯今年26歲。21歲的時候，她從美術(shù)學(xué)校輟學(xué)，成了42學(xué)校的第一批學(xué)生。兩年后，她與42學(xué)校的兩名同學(xué)共同開發(fā)了一個名叫Recast.AI的人工智能聊天機器人，并于去年將它賣給了軟件巨頭SAP。我問她：“你現(xiàn)在有錢了嗎？”她的臉紅了：“啊，是的。”

今年25歲的巴爾薩澤·格洛農(nóng)是安泰尼斯的同班同學(xué)。今年2月，他離開巴黎，在舊金剛創(chuàng)辦了一家名叫Ashlar的區(qū)塊鏈公司。尼爾表示，現(xiàn)在就連銀行、時尚公司等“老式”的法國公司也在招聘42學(xué)校畢業(yè)的學(xué)生。

但是42學(xué)校的美國加州分校自2016年創(chuàng)辦以來，卻一直名聲不顯。該?？扇菁{3000名學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)，但目前的在校人數(shù)只有三分之一左右。（為吸引更多學(xué)生，該?，F(xiàn)在也在更頻繁地開辦Piscine新訓(xùn)營。）尼爾在法國是個著名的富有遠(yuǎn)見的企業(yè)家，但在美國卻沒有人認(rèn)識他。諷刺的是，42學(xué)校的免費政策在美國似乎成了一種障礙——哪怕很多美國人都深受學(xué)生貸款的困擾。對此，尼爾表示：“當(dāng)你說自己免收學(xué)費時，很多人都認(rèn)為你是個騙子?！?!-- cend -->

Back in October 2016, James Aylor was scraping by, delivering pizza in Kansas City, having dropped out of college, abandoning his dream of teaching viola. “The voice in my head said, ‘You have no career. No future,’ ” he says.

Then a friend mentioned he had heard about a new, tuition-free coding school 1,800 miles away in Fremont, Calif. Named 42, it required no computer skills or even a high school diploma, and dorm rooms were free. “I said, ‘Yeah, whatever, ha ha, free,’ ” recalls Aylor, now 30. Still, he decided he had “absolutely nothing to lose.” He sold his car and bought a plane ticket west.

When I meet Aylor a little more than two years later, he is in northern Paris, strolling through the lobby of the original 42 school, of which Fremont is an offshoot. The radical educational experiment is geared to solving the tech industry’s chronic shortage of skilled programmers. With his pizza gig a distant memory, Aylor says he is now juggling potential jobs, weighing whether to join a company when he graduates this summer or launch a startup. “There are so many possibilities,” he says.

Back in 2013, I visited 42 for Fortune as its first batch of students was moving in—literally: Many had arrived in Paris with no money, rolling out sleeping bags in 42’s factory-style campus. Takeout cartons and beer bottles littered the rooms. Standing amid the tumult, 42’s founder, billionaire telecom exec Xavier Niel—one of the richest people in France—was thrilled. “We’ll have some impact,” he told me then.

Niel’s brazen idea drew from his own experience. With no college degree, he taught himself coding and created programs (including a sex-chat app he sold for about $50 million) on France’s pre-Internet Minitel service. He went on to found the publicly traded group Iliad, parent of the low-cost telecom company Free, and in 2017 opened the giant tech incubator Station F in eastern Paris. Niel, now 51, says he was increasingly convinced that France’s traditional education (“the worst!” he says) boxed kids into preordained tracks, leaving them bored and uninspired; he felt the effects in his own companies.

The 42 school, which Niel built with $78 million of his own money, tries to shatter those conventions. It has no fees, teachers, or classrooms. Students work their own hours. If they need help, they ask each other or figure it out themselves. In keeping with the rebel spirit, the school’s name refers to the counterculture classic The Hitchhiker’s Guide to the Galaxy, which says “the answer to everything” is 42; the first building had a pirate’s flag outside. About 1,800 students are admitted each year between the two campuses, chosen from about 3,000 who are accepted into 42’s grueling monthlong boot camp called Piscine, French for “swimming pool.” Those 3,000 are picked from the initial 40,000 people who take 42’s online logic test every year.

The pirate’s flag has gone, and there are only a few sleeping bags in the corridors. The walls display an impressive art collection, and President Emmanuel Macron, a cheerleader for the French tech industry, is a frequent visitor. Yet 42 still has the feel of a messy startup, with dozens of people at monitors and a stack of skateboards in the lobby.

But how much impact has 42 had, nearly six years in?

Niel is convinced that 42 has proved his point: that programmers need only two things to succeed—a grasp of logic and driving ambition. “You don’t need to know anything to be able to code. You don’t need to be good at math,” he says, sitting atop Iliad’s headquarters, with a sweeping view of Paris. “You can take anyone in the street, and”— he snaps his fingers—“they can become the best coder in the world.” About 40% of the students have not graduated from high school. “The idea was you don’t choose people by seeing if they can do something,” Niel says. “You completely forget what they did before.”

Indeed, 42 boasts impressive success stories.

Jasmine Anteunis, 26, joined 42’s first intake after quitting fine-arts school at 21. Two years later, she created an artificial intelligence chatbot, Recast.AI, with two fellow 42 students. They sold last year to software giant SAP. Are you rich? I ask. “Ah, yes,” she says, blushing.

One of Anteunis’s classmates, Balthazar Gronon, 25, left Paris in February for San Francisco, where he launched a blockchain company called Ashlar—in a sharp break from his original plan to be an economist, he says. And Niel says even old-style French companies like banks and fashion houses are now recruiting 42 students.

But in California, 42 has struggled for credibility since opening in 2016. It fills only about one-third of its capacity of 3,000 students. (To attract a greater number, the school now offers more frequent Piscine boot camps.) Niel, famous in France as a visionary entrepreneur, is unknown in the U.S. And ironically, a major hurdle for 42 appears to be that it is free—despite Americans being crippled by student debt. Says Niel, “When you are tuition-free, people think it is a fraud.”

壞小子澤維爾·尼爾

年齡：51歲

來自：巴黎

劣跡：從開發(fā)約炮軟件，到參股性用品連鎖商店，尼爾的生意經(jīng)總是跟桃色沾邊。2006年，他被法院裁定曾挪用他參股的性用品商店20萬歐元公款。

不走尋常路：美國歌手法蘭克·辛納屈唱紅了一首歌《我的路》（My Way），澤維爾·尼爾竟然是這首歌的版權(quán)人之一，因為這首歌一開始是用法語寫的歌詞。

新聞人：這一點可能讓法國前總統(tǒng)薩科奇最為不爽——與薩科奇齟齬不斷的法國《世界報》（Le Monde）在2010年被一個財團(tuán)買下了，尼爾正是出資方之一。（財富中文網(wǎng)）

本文另一版本登載于2019年4月刊《財富》雜志，標(biāo)題為《42是答案嗎？》。

譯者：樸成奎

L’enfant Terrible: Xavier Niel

AGE: 51

FROM: Paris

RISQUé: From sex chats to a stake in a chain of peep shows, Niel’s business history has been colorful. He was convicted in 2006 for embezzling 200,000 euros from one of his sex shops.

HIS WAY: Niel is co-owner of the publishing rights to the song “My Way,” popularized by Frank Sinatra, which was originally written with French lyrics.

NEWSMAN: To the chagrin of former President Nicolas Sarkozy, Niel was part of a consortium that bought the prestigious Le Monde newspaper in 2010.

A version of this article appears in the April 2019 issue of Fortune with the headline “Is 42 the Answer?”