成人小说亚洲一区二区三区,亚洲国产精品一区二区三区,国产精品成人精品久久久,久久综合一区二区三区,精品无码av一区二区,国产一级a毛一级a看免费视频,欧洲uv免费在线区一二区,亚洲国产欧美中日韩成人综合视频,国产熟女一区二区三区五月婷小说,亚洲一区波多野结衣在线

立即打開
曼德拉的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)力進(jìn)化史

曼德拉的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)力進(jìn)化史

Hitendra Wadhwa 2013年12月10日
盡管他并非完人,但或許正是因?yàn)樗莻€(gè)有缺點(diǎn)的人,納爾遜?曼德拉成長為一位卓越領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者的歷程更能帶給人們啟示。就像他自己說的那樣,所謂圣人就是不斷嘗試的罪人。

????納爾遜?曼德拉在反對(duì)種族隔離的斗爭中犧牲了家庭、舒適和職業(yè)成功等美好生活的傳統(tǒng)標(biāo)識(shí),以一位良心犯的身份,度過了長達(dá)27年的牢獄之災(zāi)。1994年,他一躍成為肩負(fù)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)國家之責(zé)的南非總統(tǒng)。當(dāng)選后,曼德拉選擇了寬恕,而非為蒙冤過往復(fù)仇,進(jìn)而幫助南非人構(gòu)筑了一個(gè)全新的社會(huì)根基。

????盡管被他的人民奉為國父,但僅僅完成一個(gè)任期后,他就主動(dòng)交出權(quán)杖,而不是像許多非洲強(qiáng)人那樣,終生緊握最高權(quán)力,一刻也不愿松手。

????這難道不是唯有圣人才有的品質(zhì)嗎?許多人當(dāng)然如是看待曼德拉。美國總統(tǒng)奧巴馬最近稱他為“最偉大的歷史人物之一。”英國廣播公司( BBC )認(rèn)為他“或許是我們這個(gè)時(shí)代受到最廣泛贊賞的人物?!?012年的一項(xiàng)研究顯示,曼德拉已成為全球性品牌,知名度僅次于可口可樂(Coca-Cola)?!?/p>

????但也有不同聲音。身為南非種族隔離時(shí)代最后一位領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人的德克勒克聲稱:“我并不認(rèn)同世人為曼德拉譜寫的圣徒頌歌。與如今廣泛描述的形象恰恰相反,他絕對(duì)不是一位慈愛如圣徒般的人物?!?/p>

????這種直言不諱的觀點(diǎn)出自德克勒克之口,應(yīng)該不會(huì)讓我們感到驚訝。盡管因廢除種族隔離制度的貢獻(xiàn),他和曼德拉分享了諾貝爾和平獎(jiǎng),但兩人終究是死敵,對(duì)于這位對(duì)手,曼德拉也幾乎沒有做出過正面的評(píng)價(jià)。但就自己獲得的圣徒美譽(yù)這一點(diǎn)而言,曼德拉其實(shí)同意德克勒克的觀點(diǎn):“我不是救世主,而是一位因特殊情勢演變?yōu)轭I(lǐng)導(dǎo)者的普通人?!?/p>

????事實(shí)上,在曼德拉的自傳《漫漫自由路》(Long Walk to Freedom)中,除了通常以他為主角、充滿盛贊之辭的頭條新聞外,我們其實(shí)還可以發(fā)現(xiàn)他犯下的許多錯(cuò)誤。

????曼德拉是一位差勁的學(xué)者,一位在課堂上如坐針氈的法律系學(xué)生。1962年,他開始擁抱暴力,創(chuàng)建了非洲人國民大會(huì)(ANC)的秘密武裝力量“民族之矛”(Spear of the Nation),隨后展開一系列針對(duì)政府的游擊戰(zhàn)爭,并遠(yuǎn)航至埃塞俄比亞學(xué)習(xí)槍械使用技能。1994年南非首次民主選舉期間,為確保非國大獲得壓倒性勝利,他四處游說,試圖把選民的最低年齡從18歲降至14歲,還援引一個(gè)極其可疑,包括朝鮮、伊朗和古巴在內(nèi)的五國名單作為先例。這個(gè)舉動(dòng)遭到了廣泛的批評(píng)。

????1991年,他前往贊比亞,要求贊比亞人選舉肯尼思?卡翁達(dá)重新執(zhí)掌最高權(quán)力,盡管在長達(dá)27年的獨(dú)裁統(tǒng)治之后,卡翁達(dá)當(dāng)時(shí)已完全喪失了民心??ㄎ踢_(dá)最終落敗。擔(dān)任總統(tǒng)期間,曼德拉政府在很大程度上忽視了艾滋病在南非的病毒式蔓延。到他退休的時(shí)候,南非成年人的艾滋病感染人數(shù)已攀升至11.7%這一令人震驚的比例。

????也許是由于這個(gè)時(shí)代過于渴望完美無瑕的英雄人物,我們急匆匆地把曼德拉抬上了一座他本人并不認(rèn)可的偶像神壇。

????Nelson Mandela sacrificed the usual trappings of a good life – family, comfort, professional success – to spend 27 years as a prisoner of conscience in his fight against apartheid. He emerged to lead his nation as its president in 1994 and chose to forgive rather than seek revenge for past crimes, helping South Africans build a new social foundation.

????After only one term in office, despite being viewed as a father of his nation by his people, he chose to hand over the reins of power voluntarily rather than keep a lifelong grip as many other strong leaders have sought to do in Africa.

????Is this not the makings of a saint? Many of us have certainly viewed Mandela as such. President Obama recently called him "one of the greatest people in history," the BBC described him as "perhaps the most generally admired figure of our age," and a research study in 2012 established Mandela as the second-most-well-known brand in the world, after Coca-Cola (KO).

????And yet, there are dissenting voices. F.W. de Klerk, the last apartheid-era leader of South Africa, said, "I do not subscribe to the general hagiography surrounding Mandela. He was by no means the avuncular and saint-like figure so widely depicted today."

????Coming from de Klerk, this unflattering view should not surprise us. Though he shared the Nobel Prize with Mandela for their work in dismantling apartheid, they were fierce opponents, and Mandela too had few positive things to say about his adversary. But on the point of his own sainthood, Mandela actually agreed with de Klerk: "I was not a messiah, but an ordinary man who had become a leader because of extraordinary circumstances."

????Indeed, there are many markers on Mandela's "Long Walk to Freedom" -- beyond the glowing ticker-tape headlines we normally associate with him -- that demonstrate his fallibility.

????Mandela made for a poor scholar, struggling through his classes as a law student. In 1962, he embraced violence, founding Umkhonto we Sizwe -- Spear of the Nation -- the ANC's armed wing, which launched guerrilla attacks on the government, and journeyed to Ethiopia to learn how to use firearms. During South Africa's first democratic elections in 1994, he actively canvassed for lowering the voting age from 18 to 14 years to ensure a strong win for the ANC, citing as precedents a questionable list of five countries that included North Korea, Iran, and Cuba -- a move that was widely criticized.

????In 1991, he traveled to Zambia and asked its people to vote Kenneth Kaunda back into power, even while Kaunda was very unpopular at that time after a 27-year dictatorship. Kaunda ended up losing. And as president, Mandela presided over an administration that largely ignored the AIDS epidemic in South Africa, with a shocking 11.7% of South African adults infected with the virus by the time he retired.

????Perhaps in our yearning for perfect heroes, we have rushed to place him on a pedestal that he himself recognized was not appropriate.

掃碼打開財(cái)富Plus App
亚洲日韩精品无码一区二区三区 | 国产自啪精品视频网站丝袜| 92久久久久精品| 久久综合香蕉国产蜜臀AV| 中文字幕人妻中文AV不卡专区| 伊伊成人综合无码视频| 午夜国产精品理论片久久影院| 色又黄又爽网站在线无码看| 国产成人精品高清在线观看99| 亚洲综合精品第一页| 18禁止观看网站A级毛片自慰| 99久热RE在线精品99 6热视频| 久久只这里是精品66| 两个领导斗把我夹在中间| JK浴室自慰到不停喷水尿失| 国产精品乱子伦XXXX| 国产精品香蕉自产拍在线观看| 国产成人精品亚洲午夜麻豆| 久久久精品国产亚洲综合久久久国产中文字幕免费| 无码性午夜视频在线观看| 国产情侣一区二区三区| 亚洲 欧美 另类 在线麻豆成人久久| 成人免费无码不卡毛片| 国产一级a毛一级a看免费视频视频一区二区三区| 免费看美女裸体奶头无遮挡| 国产精品一区二区视色| 洲国产精品自产拍| 77777亚洲午夜久久多喷 | 久久亚洲精品无码观看不卡| 久久久无码精品亚洲日韩京东传媒| 亚洲精品国产原创电影在线| 97欧美激情超碰一区二区| 欧美在线成人午夜影视| 亚洲精品成人网站在线观看| 国产一区二区三区精品视频| 国产99久久久国产精免费| 亚洲制服丝袜一区二区三区| 精品国产AV最大网站| 亚洲国产精品无码久久久不卡| 国产美女裸体无遮挡免费视频高潮| 99久久免费精品国产72免费|