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生如夢魘:高管自殺之謎

生如夢魘:高管自殺之謎

Jeroen Ansink 2013年09月12日
瑞士電信公司的首席執(zhí)行官和蘇黎世的首席財務官最近結束了他們的生命。他們這樣的人都是人中龍鳳,掌握著大量的資源,在公司呼風喚雨,為什么卻走上了絕路?難道當今高管的工作環(huán)境已經(jīng)緊張到了無法忍受、唯有一死才能求得解脫的地步?以至于自殺成為了其中一些人唯一的選擇?
????已故的瑞士電信公司首席執(zhí)行官卡斯滕?施洛特。

????49歲的瑞士電信公司(Swisscom)首席執(zhí)行官卡斯滕?施洛特被每天24小時不間斷的電話騷擾得不勝其煩。53歲的蘇黎世保險公司(Zurich Insurance Group)首席財務官皮埃爾?瓦塞勒,與公司的首席執(zhí)行官處于激烈的斗爭之中。

????兩位高管都選擇了通過結束生命來徹底解決自身的問題:施洛特在今年七月,瓦塞勒在上周。盡管從自殺這般如此私密和復雜的事件中得出普遍的結論幾乎不可能,但他們的死還是提出了一個問題:難道高管的工作環(huán)境已經(jīng)緊張到了這個地步,以至于自殺成為了其中一些人唯一的選擇?

????高管自殺的相關數(shù)據(jù)少得可憐,聊勝于無。羅徹斯特大學(University of Rochester)的自殺問題研究員埃里克?凱恩說:“我不知道美國有任何相關的數(shù)據(jù)。有一篇文獻談到了自殺和職位,但是并沒有特指高管群體。也幾乎沒有任何事實證據(jù)。原因在于人們傾向于隱瞞這些悲劇,只有一些最突出的事件得到了報道?!?/p>

????位于華盛頓的美國自殺學學會(American Association of Suicidology)的數(shù)據(jù)顯示,2010年,美國每10萬人中有12.08人自殺。不過這個數(shù)據(jù)正在上升:上世紀末,自殺率大約是10萬分之10.8。與之形成對比的是,瑞士電信公司和蘇黎世保險公司所在的瑞士,自殺率實際上正在下降,從2000年的10萬分之17.2降到2010年的10萬分之11.1。根據(jù)歐盟統(tǒng)計局的數(shù)據(jù),歐洲整體的自殺率同樣有所下降,從2000年的10萬分之11.8下降到了2010年的10萬分之10.2。

????高管級別的自殺似乎與人們的常識不符。凱恩說:“高管群體的心理健康狀況優(yōu)于組織中的較低級別群體。他們掌握著更多的資源,面臨著較少的經(jīng)濟問題。面對生活中的逆境,他們能得到更多人的幫助。他們的個性往往與他們的成功密不可分,這讓他們的個性化需求得到了宣泄?!?/p>

????不過,法國楓丹白露的歐洲工商管理學院(INSEAD)商學院管理學教授曼弗雷德?凱茨?德?弗里斯表示:高管的壓力正在逐漸增加,這已經(jīng)不再是秘密。信息時代不斷增長的需求已經(jīng)讓每天的工作時間延長到了極限。瑞士電信公司的施洛特在自殺前幾個月曾經(jīng)抱怨自己總得處于能聯(lián)系上的狀態(tài)。他在五月的某期《瑞士周報》(Schweiz am Sonnta)的采訪中解釋說:“可能發(fā)生的最危險的事,是你陷入了永動機的模式當中。當你一直要查看智能手機,查看有沒有新郵件時,你就再也不可能發(fā)現(xiàn)其他任何事情了。”

????凱茨?德?弗里斯還獲得過精神分析學的學位,他說:“我們得非常謹慎地管理這些設備,而我們當中很多人做得并不好。我給很多首席執(zhí)行官上過課,在我的課堂上禁止使用電腦、iPhone和iPad。我發(fā)現(xiàn)人們對于這些設備的依賴已經(jīng)到了病態(tài)的地步。去年有個學生,我一度懷疑他膀胱出了毛病。實際上,他只是得定時出去查看他三部手機里的短信。”??

????Swisscom CEO Carsten Schloter, 49, had trouble with being on call 24/7. Pierre Wauthier, 53, CFO at Zurich Insurance Group was in the middle of a horrendous conflict with his CEO.

????Both men ended their problems by taking their own lives: Schloter in July, Wauthier last week. While it is almost impossible to draw general conclusions from something so personal and complex as a suicide, their deaths raise a question: Have working conditions in the C-suite become so intense that suicide appears to offer the only answer for some?

????Statistics about senior executive suicides are scarce, if non-existent. "I don't know of any data in the U.S.," says Eric Caine, a suicide researcher at the University of Rochester. "There is a literature on suicide and occupation, but that is not specified to C-level executives. There is also very little anecdotal evidence. The reason is that people tend to hide these tragedies. Only the most prominent make it to the press."

????General suicide rates in the U.S. in 2010 are at 12.08 per 100,000 people, according to data from the American Association of Suicidology in Washington, D.C. The rate is on the rise, though: At the turn of the century, it was around 10.8 per 100,000. By comparison, suicide rates in Switzerland, where both Swisscom and Zurich Insurance are based, have actually gone down: from 17.2 per 100,000 in 2000 to 11.1 per 100,000 in 2010. In the EU as a whole, the rate has gone down as well from 11.8 per 100,000 people in 2000 to 10.2 in 2010, according to Eurostat.

????Suicide within the C-suite almost seems counterintuitive. "As a class of people, top executives tend to have better mental health than those on the lower rungs of an organization," says Caine. "They have more resources and less financial issues, more people to help them with the adversities in their lives, and their idiosyncrasies are often tied to their success, giving them an outlet for their creative needs."

????But it is no secret that pressure on C-level executives is mounting, says Manfred Kets de Vries, a management professor at INSEAD business school in Fontainebleau, France. The growing demands of the information age have stretched the workday to its limits. A few months before his death, Swisscom's Schloter complained about constantly having to be reachable. "The most dangerous thing that can happen is that you drop into a mode of permanent activity," he explained in an interview with Swiss newspaper Schweiz am Sonntag in May. "When you permanently check your smartphone to see if there are any new emails, it leads to you not finding any rest whatsoever."

????"You have to manage these devices very carefully, and many of us don't do it very well," says Kets de Vries, who also holds a degree in psychoanalysis. "I work a lot with CEOs, and in my classes, computers, iPhones, and iPads are not allowed. I have noticed a dependency on these devices, to the point where it becomes a disease. I had a student last year I suspected of having a weak bladder. In fact, he had to go out regularly to check his messages on his three phones."??

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