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追查人工智能制作的盜版歌曲,16年前YouTube推出的一款產(chǎn)品可能有大用場!

Rachyl Jones
2023-08-27

YouTube的首席執(zhí)行官表示,在檢測人工智能生成音樂中潛在的版權(quán)侵權(quán)方面,Content ID能夠發(fā)揮重要的作用。

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德雷克是作品遭到人工智能偽造的眾多音樂藝術(shù)家之一。圖片來源:AMY SUSSMAN/GETTY IMAGES

在科技的世界里,16年漫長得如同萬年。蘋果(Apple)推出第一部iPhone,IBM創(chuàng)建沃森(Watson),都已經(jīng)仿佛那般久遠(yuǎn)。當(dāng)年剛被谷歌(Google)收購的YouTube曾經(jīng)推出過開創(chuàng)性工具,可以識(shí)別用戶上傳到網(wǎng)站的視頻中受版權(quán)保護(hù)的音樂。

如今世事變遷,YouTube的版權(quán)檢測工具也迎來了新的任務(wù):識(shí)別人工智能制作的大量歌曲。

8月21日,YouTube的首席執(zhí)行官尼爾·莫漢表示,在檢測人工智能生成音樂中潛在的版權(quán)侵權(quán)方面,名為Content ID的工具能夠發(fā)揮重要的作用。

“人工智能進(jìn)入創(chuàng)造性表達(dá)的新時(shí)代,但必須采取適當(dāng)?shù)谋Wo(hù)措施?!蹦獫h在一篇博客里詳細(xì)介紹YouTube處理人工智能生成音樂的計(jì)劃時(shí)說道。

莫漢稱,公司將全力支持人工智能,也將擔(dān)負(fù)起責(zé)任。公司將與藝術(shù)家和唱片公司合作探索在音樂中利用人工智能的新方法,同時(shí)優(yōu)先保護(hù)藝術(shù)家的原創(chuàng)作品,包括繼續(xù)開發(fā)Content ID系統(tǒng)。

但在生成式人工智能的新時(shí)代,由于相關(guān)規(guī)則和已有最佳實(shí)踐太少,YouTube面臨諸多未知。專家表示,隨著計(jì)劃逐步實(shí)施,YouTube在平臺(tái)上管理人工智能生成音樂的方法最終不管成功還是失敗,影響可能遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超出網(wǎng)站范圍。

確定用哪些歌曲訓(xùn)練人工智能并不容易

YouTube最初之所以開發(fā)Content ID,主要是因?yàn)榫S亞康姆公司(Viacom)指控該網(wǎng)站在刪除受版權(quán)保護(hù)的素材方面做得不夠,例如用戶視頻背景里播放熱門歌曲或?qū)⑼暾麑]嬌蟼鞯骄W(wǎng)站。Content ID掃描YouTube用戶上傳的大量視頻,檢查是否存在特定的歌曲。然后,使用該系統(tǒng)的版權(quán)所有者可以決定刪除侵權(quán)視頻,也能夠不刪除然后分享視頻在YouTube上的部分廣告收益。

莫漢在帖子中說,多年來Content ID為行業(yè)創(chuàng)造了數(shù)十億美元的收入。“內(nèi)容生成的新時(shí)代已經(jīng)到來,給了人們重新想象和發(fā)展的機(jī)會(huì)。”莫漢表示。

但是,在人工智能生成的素材里檢測版權(quán)并不像尋找碧昂斯的歌曲當(dāng)背景的視頻一樣容易。當(dāng)前生成式人工智能的迭代方式主要基于已經(jīng)存在的片段生成內(nèi)容,因此某首歌可以包括藝術(shù)家的數(shù)十種信息,包括聲音節(jié)奏、音符排列和風(fēng)格選擇等等。風(fēng)格和聲音并不受版權(quán)保護(hù)。

如果原創(chuàng)音樂訓(xùn)練出人工智能模型,或者人工智能生成的歌曲利用藝術(shù)家的名字和肖像獲利時(shí),版權(quán)法就能夠發(fā)揮作用。專家指出,該問題引發(fā)了關(guān)于音樂制作中各方權(quán)利的更大范圍討論。如果某人制作的混合背景音樂用來訓(xùn)練人工智能,此人就有索賠權(quán)嗎?歌曲里聲音被抹掉的藝術(shù)家有沒有索賠權(quán)?關(guān)于人工智能何時(shí)侵犯版權(quán),以及如果侵犯版權(quán),誰就應(yīng)該受到懲罰,目前還沒有明確的規(guī)則,相關(guān)問題距離在法庭上解決還有漫漫長路。專家稱,作為擁有最先進(jìn)音頻識(shí)別系統(tǒng)的音樂行業(yè)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者,YouTube的下一步舉動(dòng)將為有權(quán)索賠者以及何時(shí)可以索賠開創(chuàng)先例。

技術(shù)和娛樂律師簡·戴維森曾經(jīng)在YouTube的音樂人事部門擔(dān)任人才經(jīng)理,她表示Content ID很難準(zhǔn)確地辨認(rèn)出人工智能生成的音樂由哪些媒體訓(xùn)練。YouTube的系統(tǒng)必須學(xué)會(huì)識(shí)別音樂中與YouTube目錄中受版權(quán)保護(hù)的素材相似的特定聲音、音符或排列,并標(biāo)記出來,供版權(quán)所有者決定是否索賠。戴維森對(duì)《財(cái)富》雜志表示,生成的視頻元數(shù)據(jù)也可能為訓(xùn)練人工智能的內(nèi)容提供線索。

專家一致認(rèn)為,各大音樂公司都有類似Content ID的技術(shù),可能都在訓(xùn)練自己的系統(tǒng),以識(shí)別生成音樂里的版權(quán)素材。Studio71的高管塞繆爾·塔勒表示,如果涉及到Meta和TikTok等社交媒體平臺(tái)時(shí),就將效仿YouTube的做法。他的公司使用YouTube及其競爭對(duì)手的系統(tǒng)已經(jīng)有10年的時(shí)間。

他說:“Content ID真的很先進(jìn),而且隨著時(shí)間推移在不斷進(jìn)步?!逼渌缃幻襟w公司的技術(shù)無法與之相比,不過Content ID仍然不夠完美?!斑@一系統(tǒng)真的非常好,只是細(xì)節(jié)處理得不夠,而且有一定漏洞?!迸e例來說,該系統(tǒng)可能分不出一首歌到底是帕拉莫爾樂隊(duì)(Paramore)自己演唱的,還是由女性主唱的搖滾樂隊(duì)翻唱的。系統(tǒng)確實(shí)需要掌握細(xì)節(jié)才能夠在人工智能生成的素材中檢測版權(quán)。即便如此,其他平臺(tái)并未做得更好,他說。YouTube拒絕置評(píng)。

塔勒告訴《財(cái)富》雜志,藝術(shù)家和音樂行業(yè)里的其他工作人員都擔(dān)心人工智能會(huì)影響其獨(dú)創(chuàng)性。對(duì)音樂家而言,獨(dú)創(chuàng)性意味著風(fēng)格和藝術(shù)。對(duì)制作人、DJ和混音師來說,這意味著圍繞創(chuàng)作音樂培養(yǎng)的技能,也都是吃飯的本事,他表示。

一些藝術(shù)家已經(jīng)體驗(yàn)到被人工智能搶走飯碗的滋味。今年4月,一位匿名TikTok用戶發(fā)布了使用人工智能模仿德雷克和威肯(the Weeknd)的聲音的歌曲。這首歌曲朗朗上口,在TikTok、Spotify、Apple Music和YouTube上都有售,在因?yàn)榘鏅?quán)索賠而被刪除之前瘋傳。目前尚不清楚是不是因?yàn)镃ontent ID標(biāo)記了該首歌曲,還是在藝術(shù)家團(tuán)隊(duì)聯(lián)系后才刪除。(財(cái)富中文網(wǎng))

譯者:夏林

在科技的世界里,16年漫長得如同萬年。蘋果(Apple)推出第一部iPhone,IBM創(chuàng)建沃森(Watson),都已經(jīng)仿佛那般久遠(yuǎn)。當(dāng)年剛被谷歌(Google)收購的YouTube曾經(jīng)推出過開創(chuàng)性工具,可以識(shí)別用戶上傳到網(wǎng)站的視頻中受版權(quán)保護(hù)的音樂。

如今世事變遷,YouTube的版權(quán)檢測工具也迎來了新的任務(wù):識(shí)別人工智能制作的大量歌曲。

8月21日,YouTube的首席執(zhí)行官尼爾·莫漢表示,在檢測人工智能生成音樂中潛在的版權(quán)侵權(quán)方面,名為Content ID的工具能夠發(fā)揮重要的作用。

“人工智能進(jìn)入創(chuàng)造性表達(dá)的新時(shí)代,但必須采取適當(dāng)?shù)谋Wo(hù)措施?!蹦獫h在一篇博客里詳細(xì)介紹YouTube處理人工智能生成音樂的計(jì)劃時(shí)說道。

莫漢稱,公司將全力支持人工智能,也將擔(dān)負(fù)起責(zé)任。公司將與藝術(shù)家和唱片公司合作探索在音樂中利用人工智能的新方法,同時(shí)優(yōu)先保護(hù)藝術(shù)家的原創(chuàng)作品,包括繼續(xù)開發(fā)Content ID系統(tǒng)。

但在生成式人工智能的新時(shí)代,由于相關(guān)規(guī)則和已有最佳實(shí)踐太少,YouTube面臨諸多未知。專家表示,隨著計(jì)劃逐步實(shí)施,YouTube在平臺(tái)上管理人工智能生成音樂的方法最終不管成功還是失敗,影響可能遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超出網(wǎng)站范圍。

確定用哪些歌曲訓(xùn)練人工智能并不容易

YouTube最初之所以開發(fā)Content ID,主要是因?yàn)榫S亞康姆公司(Viacom)指控該網(wǎng)站在刪除受版權(quán)保護(hù)的素材方面做得不夠,例如用戶視頻背景里播放熱門歌曲或?qū)⑼暾麑]嬌蟼鞯骄W(wǎng)站。Content ID掃描YouTube用戶上傳的大量視頻,檢查是否存在特定的歌曲。然后,使用該系統(tǒng)的版權(quán)所有者可以決定刪除侵權(quán)視頻,也能夠不刪除然后分享視頻在YouTube上的部分廣告收益。

莫漢在帖子中說,多年來Content ID為行業(yè)創(chuàng)造了數(shù)十億美元的收入?!皟?nèi)容生成的新時(shí)代已經(jīng)到來,給了人們重新想象和發(fā)展的機(jī)會(huì)?!蹦獫h表示。

但是,在人工智能生成的素材里檢測版權(quán)并不像尋找碧昂斯的歌曲當(dāng)背景的視頻一樣容易。當(dāng)前生成式人工智能的迭代方式主要基于已經(jīng)存在的片段生成內(nèi)容,因此某首歌可以包括藝術(shù)家的數(shù)十種信息,包括聲音節(jié)奏、音符排列和風(fēng)格選擇等等。風(fēng)格和聲音并不受版權(quán)保護(hù)。

如果原創(chuàng)音樂訓(xùn)練出人工智能模型,或者人工智能生成的歌曲利用藝術(shù)家的名字和肖像獲利時(shí),版權(quán)法就能夠發(fā)揮作用。專家指出,該問題引發(fā)了關(guān)于音樂制作中各方權(quán)利的更大范圍討論。如果某人制作的混合背景音樂用來訓(xùn)練人工智能,此人就有索賠權(quán)嗎?歌曲里聲音被抹掉的藝術(shù)家有沒有索賠權(quán)?關(guān)于人工智能何時(shí)侵犯版權(quán),以及如果侵犯版權(quán),誰就應(yīng)該受到懲罰,目前還沒有明確的規(guī)則,相關(guān)問題距離在法庭上解決還有漫漫長路。專家稱,作為擁有最先進(jìn)音頻識(shí)別系統(tǒng)的音樂行業(yè)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者,YouTube的下一步舉動(dòng)將為有權(quán)索賠者以及何時(shí)可以索賠開創(chuàng)先例。

技術(shù)和娛樂律師簡·戴維森曾經(jīng)在YouTube的音樂人事部門擔(dān)任人才經(jīng)理,她表示Content ID很難準(zhǔn)確地辨認(rèn)出人工智能生成的音樂由哪些媒體訓(xùn)練。YouTube的系統(tǒng)必須學(xué)會(huì)識(shí)別音樂中與YouTube目錄中受版權(quán)保護(hù)的素材相似的特定聲音、音符或排列,并標(biāo)記出來,供版權(quán)所有者決定是否索賠。戴維森對(duì)《財(cái)富》雜志表示,生成的視頻元數(shù)據(jù)也可能為訓(xùn)練人工智能的內(nèi)容提供線索。

專家一致認(rèn)為,各大音樂公司都有類似Content ID的技術(shù),可能都在訓(xùn)練自己的系統(tǒng),以識(shí)別生成音樂里的版權(quán)素材。Studio71的高管塞繆爾·塔勒表示,如果涉及到Meta和TikTok等社交媒體平臺(tái)時(shí),就將效仿YouTube的做法。他的公司使用YouTube及其競爭對(duì)手的系統(tǒng)已經(jīng)有10年的時(shí)間。

他說:“Content ID真的很先進(jìn),而且隨著時(shí)間推移在不斷進(jìn)步?!逼渌缃幻襟w公司的技術(shù)無法與之相比,不過Content ID仍然不夠完美?!斑@一系統(tǒng)真的非常好,只是細(xì)節(jié)處理得不夠,而且有一定漏洞?!迸e例來說,該系統(tǒng)可能分不出一首歌到底是帕拉莫爾樂隊(duì)(Paramore)自己演唱的,還是由女性主唱的搖滾樂隊(duì)翻唱的。系統(tǒng)確實(shí)需要掌握細(xì)節(jié)才能夠在人工智能生成的素材中檢測版權(quán)。即便如此,其他平臺(tái)并未做得更好,他說。YouTube拒絕置評(píng)。

塔勒告訴《財(cái)富》雜志,藝術(shù)家和音樂行業(yè)里的其他工作人員都擔(dān)心人工智能會(huì)影響其獨(dú)創(chuàng)性。對(duì)音樂家而言,獨(dú)創(chuàng)性意味著風(fēng)格和藝術(shù)。對(duì)制作人、DJ和混音師來說,這意味著圍繞創(chuàng)作音樂培養(yǎng)的技能,也都是吃飯的本事,他表示。

一些藝術(shù)家已經(jīng)體驗(yàn)到被人工智能搶走飯碗的滋味。今年4月,一位匿名TikTok用戶發(fā)布了使用人工智能模仿德雷克和威肯(the Weeknd)的聲音的歌曲。這首歌曲朗朗上口,在TikTok、Spotify、Apple Music和YouTube上都有售,在因?yàn)榘鏅?quán)索賠而被刪除之前瘋傳。目前尚不清楚是不是因?yàn)镃ontent ID標(biāo)記了該首歌曲,還是在藝術(shù)家團(tuán)隊(duì)聯(lián)系后才刪除。(財(cái)富中文網(wǎng))

譯者:夏林

In the world of technology, sixteen years is an eon. That many years ago, Apple launched its first iPhone, and IBM created Watson. YouTube, which had just been acquired by Google, rolled out a groundbreaking tool that could identify copyrighted music within the videos that users uploaded to its site.

Now, in a remarkable indication of how much the world has changed since that time, YouTube has a new mission for its trusty copyright detection tool: to identify an expected deluge of songs composed by artificial intelligence.

On August 21, YouTube CEO Neal Mohan said that Content ID, the name of the tool, could play an important role detecting potential copyright infringement in A.I.-generated music.

“AI is ushering in a new age of creative expression, but it must include appropriate protections,” Mohan said in a blog post detailing YouTube’s plan for addressing A.I.-generated music on its site.

Mohan said the company will embrace A.I. wholeheartedly but responsibly. It will collaborate with artists and record labels to explore new ways to use A.I. in music, while also prioritizing protecting the creative works of artists, which includes continuing to develop its Content ID system.

But with so few guidelines and established best practices for the new era of generative A.I., YouTube will be in uncharted waters. As it puts its plan into practice, YouTube’s approach to policing A.I.-generated music on its platform, as well as its success and struggles in the effort, is likely to have an impact that goes well beyond its own website, according to experts.

It’s not easy to determine the song that trained the A.I.

YouTube initially developed Content ID as a result of a lawsuit from Viacom which alleged that the site was not doing enough to remove copyrighted material, such as a hit song playing in the background of a user’s video or a full album uploaded to the site. Content ID scans YouTube’s vast corpus of user uploaded videos, checking to see if a particular song is present. Copyright owners who use the system can then decide whether they want to have an infringing video taken down, or to leave it be and earn a cut of their advertising revenue the video racks up on YouTube.

Content ID has generated billions of dollars for the industry over the years, Mohan said in the post. “A new era of generated content is here, and it gives us an opportunity to reimagine and evolve again,” he said.

But detecting copyright in A.I.-generated material isn’t as easy as finding a video with a Beyonce song playing in the background. The current iteration of generative A.I. produces content based on pieces of things that already exist, so a song could be informed by dozens of voice cadences, notes sequences, and stylistic choices from artists in their own work. Style and voice can’t be copyrighted.

Rights laws come into play when the original recording trains an A.I. model or if an A.I.-generated song profits from the name and likeness of an artist. These issues spark a larger conversation about the rights of everyone involved in the production of music, experts say. Does the person who mixed the background music that informed A.I. have a claim? What about the artist whose voice was removed from a song? There are no clear guidelines on when A.I. infringes on copyright and who is owed if it does, and these issues are a long way from being solved in the courts. As a music industry leader with some of the most advanced audio recognition systems, what YouTube does next will set a precedent for who is owed and when, experts say.

It will be difficult for Content ID to claim exactly what media trained A.I.-generated music, said Jane Davidson, a technology and entertainment lawyer who previously worked as a talent manager for YouTube musicians. YouTube’s system will have to learn to recognize specific voices, notes or sequences in music that are similar enough to copyrighted material in YouTube’s catalog and flag them for rights owners to decide if they want to file a claim. A generated video’s metadata might also clue into the content that trained the A.I., Davidson told Fortune.

All of the major music companies have technology similar to Content ID, and they are all likely training their systems to recognize copyrighted material in generated music, experts agree. But when it comes to the social media companies, like Meta and TikTok, they will be following YouTube’s lead, said Samuel Tall, executive at Studio71 who has been using YouTube’s system and those of its competitors for a decade.

“Content ID came out of the gate really advanced and has been improved upon over time,” he said. The technology from other social media companies doesn’t compare, but Content ID still isn’t perfect, he said. “It’s really, really good, but it struggles with nuance, and there’s a certain amount of leakiness to it.” For example, it might not be able to differentiate a woman-led rock band covering a Paramore song from Paramore itself, he said. And it really needs to master nuance to detect copyright within A.I.-generated material. That said, other platforms don’t do a better job, he said. YouTube declined to comment.

Artists and other music industry workers are concerned A.I. will compromise their originality, Tall told Fortune. For musicians, that means their style and artistry. For producers, DJs and audio mixers, that means the skills they’ve built around creating music, which they bill for, he said.

Some artists have already had front row seats to A.I. stealing their thunder. In April, an anonymous TikTok user posted a song that used A.I. to mimic the voices of Drake and the Weeknd. The catchy song was available on TikTok, Spotify, Apple Music and YouTube, and it went viral before being taken down for copyright claims. It is unclear if Content ID flagged the song or if the artists’ teams reached out first.

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