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地下毒品網(wǎng)絡(luò)覆滅有望助比特幣轉(zhuǎn)正

地下毒品網(wǎng)絡(luò)覆滅有望助比特幣轉(zhuǎn)正

Nin-Hai Tseng 2013-10-09
比特幣具有吸引主流用戶的潛力,但卻一直游離在主流之外。分析人士認(rèn)為,最近地下毒品網(wǎng)絡(luò)絲綢之路網(wǎng)的覆滅其實(shí)有助于比特幣擺脫黑暗的一面,為進(jìn)入主流金融體系做好準(zhǔn)備。絲綢之路網(wǎng)完全依靠比特幣交易,交易金額高達(dá)數(shù)十億美元。

????聯(lián)邦投資者上周關(guān)閉了絲綢之路網(wǎng)(Silk Road),這家地下網(wǎng)站承載了一個(gè)價(jià)值數(shù)十億美元的毒品買賣黑市。2011年,紐約州民主黨參議員查爾斯?舒默和西弗吉尼亞州民主黨參議員喬?曼欽點(diǎn)名批評(píng)絲綢之路網(wǎng),聲稱它充分證明了比特幣(Bitcoin)所有的陰暗面,該網(wǎng)站由此受到關(guān)注。過去一年,這種曾經(jīng)籍籍無名的虛擬貨幣獲得了新聞媒體和監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)等方面的廣泛關(guān)注。在絲綢之路網(wǎng),所有交易均是以比特幣完成;兩位參議員擔(dān)心,被比特幣的匿名性吸引的恐怖分子和犯罪分子會(huì)使用這種貨幣進(jìn)行非法交易。

????如果你相信聯(lián)邦調(diào)查人員的發(fā)現(xiàn),你會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)他們說的沒錯(cuò)。近期的打擊行動(dòng)彰顯出與比特幣相關(guān)的幾件事情:其一,監(jiān)督網(wǎng)絡(luò)犯罪或許非常困難,但實(shí)際上是可能的。任何一件發(fā)生在互聯(lián)網(wǎng)上的事情,勢必會(huì)浮現(xiàn)在現(xiàn)實(shí)世界之中。其次,于比特幣的投資者和企業(yè)家而言,絲綢之路的關(guān)閉不啻為一個(gè)警鐘——他們應(yīng)該認(rèn)真對(duì)待聯(lián)邦金融法規(guī)。但在這樣做的同時(shí),比特幣有可能失去它最大的賣點(diǎn)之一——匿名性。

????追查絲綢之路并非易事——它是被一個(gè)名為TOR,允許用戶匿名在線交流的系統(tǒng)攔截的。比特幣為這家網(wǎng)站添加了一層額外的匿名性,但聯(lián)邦當(dāng)局迅速跟進(jìn)。在加拿大當(dāng)局隨機(jī)截獲了一批指向舊金山一處地址的假身份證之后,聯(lián)邦調(diào)查局(FBI)逮捕了絲綢之路的頭號(hào)嫌犯,29歲的羅斯?威廉?烏布利希。

????這則消息引發(fā)了一波拋售狂潮,導(dǎo)致比特幣的價(jià)值大幅下跌。雖然這起事件可能會(huì)讓比特幣的信譽(yù)受損,但在一些企業(yè)家看來,對(duì)于這種貨幣來說,絲綢之路網(wǎng)的覆滅其實(shí)是好事一樁。他們聲稱,比特幣要想登堂入室,進(jìn)入主流金融體系,它首先需要清洗自己陰暗的一面。

????比特幣具備吸引主流用戶的潛力。支持者聲稱,隨著在線交易日益增加,比特幣或?qū)⑼苿?dòng)支付業(yè)務(wù)發(fā)生一場革命。這種貨幣也可以降低交易費(fèi)用,緩解匯款傳輸系統(tǒng)的壓力。另一個(gè)頗具吸引力的地方在于,選擇比特幣作為支付媒介可以讓用戶保持匿名性。將來有一天,假設(shè)一家剛剛完成一筆大型并購交易的公司打算讓這個(gè)消息在幾天或幾周內(nèi)處于保密狀態(tài),公司高管們或許認(rèn)為選擇比特幣進(jìn)行交易是個(gè)好主意。

????問題是,比特幣的匿名性也對(duì)毒販產(chǎn)生了吸引力。據(jù)聯(lián)邦調(diào)查局透露,在不到三年的時(shí)間里,絲綢之路就促成了大約相當(dāng)于12億美元的銷售額,斬獲了高達(dá)8,000萬美元的傭金。目前尚未償付的比特幣的總值超過15億美元,絲綢之路對(duì)于比特幣的重要程度由此可見一斑。

????與美元不同,比特幣和其他虛擬貨幣的背后不存在某家中央銀行;這個(gè)特征已吸引了許多用戶。盡管如此,比特幣依然在不斷演變。這種貨幣問世于2009年,由于支付行業(yè)面臨一些正?,F(xiàn)金和商品交易也必須遵循的新法規(guī),新玩家正在不斷涌入這個(gè)市場。比特幣正在靠近一個(gè)十字路口,大毒梟和大金融家之間的對(duì)立情緒必將進(jìn)一步升級(jí)。

????Federal investors last week shut down Silk Road, an underground website that hosted a massive billion-dollar black market drug ring. The site gained attention in 2011 when Sens. Charles E. Schumer (D-N.Y.) and Joe Manchin (D-W.V.) singled it out as an example of all that's shady about Bitcoin, the once-obscure virtual currency that's gained plenty of attention from news media and regulators over the past year. All deals on Silk Road were made in Bitcoin; the senators worried it would be used by terrorists and criminals attracted to the anonymity of the currency.

????They were right, if you believe what federal investigators found. The recent crackdown highlights a few things about Bitcoin: For one, it may be difficult to police Internet crimes, but it's indeed possible. Whatever happens online is bound to emerge in the real world. Secondly, Silk Road's shutdown should be a wake-up call for Bitcoin investors and entrepreneurs to take federal financial regulations seriously. But in doing so, Bitcoin could risk losing one of its biggest selling points: its anonymity.

????Silk Road wasn't easy to trace -- it was blocked by a system called TOR, which allowed users to communicate anonymously online. Bitcoin added an additional layer of anonymity to the website, but authorities caught on. The FBI arrested 29-year-old Ross William Ulbricht, Silk Road's alleged mastermind, after Canadian authorities randomly intercepted a package of fake I.D.s that were en route to his San Francisco address.

????The news has sparked a big sell-off, causing the value of Bitcoin to fall sharply. While that may set back the currency's credibility, some entrepreneurs actually take it as one of the best things to happen to the currency, arguing that before Bitcoin can enter the mainstream financial system, it will need to clean up its shady side.

????Bitcoin has the potential to attract mainstream users. Supporters say it could potentially revolutionize the payments business as more transactions take place online. Bitcoin could also lower transaction costs or ease the transmission of remittances. The fact that users can pay in Bitcoin and remain anonymous is also attractive. Say a company wants to keep a large acquisition private for a few days or weeks -- the idea is that one day executives could turn to bitcoins.

????The problem is the anonymity of Bitcoin is also what attracts thugs in the drug world. In less than three years, Silk Road generated the equivalent of roughly $1.2 billion in sales and $80 million in commissions, according to the FBI The total value of all outstanding bitcoins is currently more than $1.5 billion, so this gives a sense of how important Silk was to the Bitcoin economy.

????Unlike the U.S. Dollar, Bitcoin and other virtual currencies aren't backed by a central bank; that has attracted many users. Nonetheless, Bitcoin is evolving. It was created in 2009, and new players are continuously entering the market as the industry faces new regulations that regular cash and commodities must also follow. The currency is approaching a crossroads of sorts, further dividing drug lords and high financiers.

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