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北冰洋石油爭(zhēng)奪戰(zhàn)一觸即發(fā)

Bob Reiss 2012年05月17日

《財(cái)富》書簽(Weekly Read)專欄專門刊載《財(cái)富》雜志(Fortune)編輯團(tuán)隊(duì)的書評(píng),解讀商界及其他領(lǐng)域的新書。我們每周都會(huì)選登一篇新的評(píng)論。
北冰洋寒冷的海域里蘊(yùn)藏著大量的石油資源。盡管美國(guó)政府反應(yīng)并不熱烈,但俄羅斯卻摩拳擦掌。同時(shí),各國(guó)的私營(yíng)公司也都躍躍欲試,北冰洋石油爭(zhēng)奪戰(zhàn)正在悄悄升溫。

????爭(zhēng)奪北冰洋石油的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)已經(jīng)打響,隨著極地冰蓋消融,能源公司正把視線投向北極,尋找潛在的超級(jí)新油田。4月份,埃克森美孚(Exxon Mobil)與規(guī)模龐大的俄羅斯石油公司(Rosneft)宣布締結(jié)合作協(xié)議,將共同開發(fā)喀拉海約有850億桶的原油儲(chǔ)備。今年夏季,殼牌(Shell)預(yù)計(jì)將在阿拉斯加沿岸的北冰洋開始勘探性的海上油井鉆探。在他的新書《愛斯基摩人與石油巨子》(The Eskimo and the Oil Man)中,鮑勃?賴斯詳細(xì)描繪了殼牌如何通過多年努力,終于獲得政府批準(zhǔn),啟動(dòng)這項(xiàng)規(guī)模達(dá)數(shù)十億美元的項(xiàng)目,并解釋了北冰洋資源爭(zhēng)奪戰(zhàn)的經(jīng)濟(jì)與地緣政治影響。不過,在北冰洋開采石油談何容易,大量核動(dòng)力破冰船將不可或缺。

????《愛斯基摩人與石油巨子》將于5月份由大中央出版公司(Grand Central Publishing,原華納書局)旗下的Business Plus出版。本文擷取其精萃,供讀者先睹為快。

????美國(guó)人在北冰洋石油鉆探方面裹足不前,這讓住在阿拉斯加州安克雷奇的俄國(guó)人覺得好笑——俄國(guó)國(guó)內(nèi)對(duì)此相當(dāng)樂觀。眼前這位老人已經(jīng)75歲高齡,已經(jīng)謝頂,行動(dòng)也很緩慢,但思維仍然犀利,眼神中不時(shí)透露出智慧。他位于庫克船長(zhǎng)酒店(the Hotel Captain Cook)的房間樓層很高,桌子上放著臺(tái)打開的手提電腦,他用食指指著上面正在播放的一段視頻:一些看起來很健康的男人穿著運(yùn)動(dòng)短褲在跑步機(jī)上鍛煉。他說英語時(shí)語速緩慢、有板有眼。

????“我們最初造出了核彈,”埃夫格尼?帕夫洛維奇?韋里克霍夫說。

????樓下正在召開打開北冰洋資源之門的會(huì)議,韋里克霍夫是會(huì)議的主發(fā)言人。他曾擔(dān)任俄羅斯聲譽(yù)卓越、同時(shí)也是核能領(lǐng)域頂尖研究機(jī)構(gòu)的庫爾恰托夫研究所(Kurchatov Institute)所長(zhǎng),并曾榮獲列寧獎(jiǎng)?wù)隆?/p>

????“后來我們又造出了核潛艇?!?/p>

????他曾擔(dān)任俄國(guó)核裁軍談判員,并在切爾諾貝利核災(zāi)難爆發(fā)后領(lǐng)導(dǎo)了善后事務(wù),因此美國(guó)方面也視其為英雄。

????“北極將成為下一個(gè)必爭(zhēng)之地?!?/p>

????如今,他正在推廣一種使用核能,將北冰洋海床下蘊(yùn)藏的碳?xì)浠衔镩_采出來的新方式。俄國(guó)方面無人質(zhì)疑是否應(yīng)在北冰洋進(jìn)行鉆探,問題是怎么操作。

????The race for oil in the Arctic is on. As the polar ice cap retreats, energy companies are looking north for a potentially huge new source of crude supply. In April, Exxon Mobil (XOM) and Russian oil giant Rosneft announced a partnership to develop Arctic reserves in the Kara Sea estimated at up to 85 billion barrels. And this summer, Shell is expected to begin exploratory offshore drilling in the Arctic Ocean off the coast of Alaska. In his new book The Eskimo and the Oil Man, Bob Reiss details Shell's (RDSA) years-long effort to win approval for this multi-billion-dollar project and explains the economic and geopolitical ramifications of the competition for control of the Arctic. But getting the oil out won't be easy. It could require lots of nuclear-powered icebreakers.

????Here, an excerpt from The Eskimo and the Oil Man, to be published in May by Business Plus, an imprint of Grand Central Publishing.

????The Russian in Anchorage was amused by American gridlock in the Arctic because it was so different from the bullish attitude back home. He was 75 years old, bald and slow moving, but his mind was sharp and his eyes showed keen twinkling intelligence. His room in the Hotel Captain Cook occupied a high floor. His open laptop sat on his desk and he jabbed his index finger at the video running there, showing healthy-looking men in gym shorts running on a treadmill. His English was slow and measured.

????"First we made nuclear bombs," said Evgeny Pavlovich Velikhov.

????Velikhov—a lead speaker at the conference downstairs on the opening Arctic—was an ex-winner of the Lenin Prize and was president of Russia's prestigious Kurchatov Institute, its leading research and development institution in the field of nuclear energy.

????"Then we made nuclear submarines."

????He had also been a Russian arms negotiator and had been designated by the United States as a hero of Chernobyl after he led efforts to clean up that nuclear disaster.

????"Arctic is next big place!"

????Now, he was promoting a new way to get hydrocarbons out of the Arctic seabed by using nuclear power. In Russia there was no question of whether drilling would proceed in the Arctic. The question was how.

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