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兩項技術進展或?qū)⑾破馃o人機行業(yè)革命

兩項技術進展或?qū)⑾破馃o人機行業(yè)革命

Clay Dillow 2015年05月11日
目前無人機存在的一大缺陷是,在沒有人類控制的情況下,無人機基本上還處在盲飛狀態(tài)。今年,這種狀況有望獲得根本性改變。更先進、更小型化和更廉價的ADS-B系統(tǒng)及掃描雷達系統(tǒng)將為無人機提供它們目前亟需的“感知與躲避”能力,從而將推動商用無人機行業(yè)的跨越式發(fā)展。
????圖為一架搭載了電子掃描陣雷達的8軸無人機,這樣一臺雷達對于身材如此“削瘦”的無人機來說,太大、太貴,同時能耗也有些吃不消。

????各式各樣的飛行機器人往來穿梭于半空之中,徹底改變了人們與世界的互動方式。這樣一個前衛(wèi)的理念越來越受到未來主義者和企業(yè)家的青睞。但人們往往忽視了無人機與生俱來的一個缺陷,即在沒有人類控制的情況下,無人機基本上還處在“盲飛”狀態(tài)。

????無人機在飛行方面基本上已經(jīng)做得很好了,但它們?nèi)匀粺o法感知到附近空域的其它飛行器。幾十架(乃至幾百幾千架)無人機在同一空域執(zhí)行任務,同時還能自行躲避飛機和電線等障礙物,目前還是一個無法實現(xiàn)的暢想。所以絕大多數(shù)飛行器目前還需要人為操縱,“無人機滿天飛”的概念現(xiàn)在看來不僅不現(xiàn)實,還具有相當?shù)奈kU性。

????不過,拜兩項并不算非常新奇,已經(jīng)悄無聲息地獲得重大進展的技術所賜,這種情況在今年可能發(fā)生根本性變化。它們都不是全新的技術,但在成本和尺寸上卻實現(xiàn)了驚人的平價化和小型化。這種新型的雷達和電子系統(tǒng)不僅將促進航空業(yè)的轉型,同時也為真正的商用無人機革命打開了一扇門。

????第一項技術叫做廣播式自動相關監(jiān)視系統(tǒng)(ADS-B),大多數(shù)人一般只是在出現(xiàn)飛機失聯(lián)事件(比如去年的馬航370事件)后,才會在媒體上聽到這個術語。

????ADS-B的造價非常昂貴,而且一般比較沉重,該技術不僅能通過衛(wèi)星確定飛機自身位置,還能定期向外廣播它的位置和航向。除了航空管制塔臺之外,該空域內(nèi)的其他飛機也能收到它的廣播信號。ADS-B的自動性使它非常適用于無人機,因為它內(nèi)置的電腦系統(tǒng)具備同時追蹤多個飛機的多任務能力。

????各國航空管理部門正在緩慢而明確地推動ADS-B成為一項所有載人航空器必須配置的行業(yè)標準。目前并非所有的飛機都要安裝ADS-B系統(tǒng),比如去年失聯(lián)的馬航370就沒有配備這項技術,而今年3月4日失事的“德國之翼”9525號航班則搭載了該技術。

????美國聯(lián)邦航空局正計劃為國內(nèi)所有民航客機配備該技術,以進一步提高美國的航空安全。

????小型化和平價化的ADS-B系統(tǒng)不僅對整個航空業(yè)具有深遠影響,同時對于無人機導航技術的發(fā)展也具有重大意義。如果ADS-B的零部件能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)小型化和輕量化——當然更重要的是平價化,那么它也可能會成為商用無人機領域的行業(yè)標準。

????谷歌公司最近宣布,其工程師團隊已經(jīng)開始著手研發(fā)小型化、輕量化的ADS-B模塊,而且成本將不超過2000美元。今年3月份,谷歌Wing項目主管戴夫?沃斯在國際民航組織表示:“我們將努力為市場提供真正低成本的ADS-B解決方案?!盬ing項目的宗旨就是要打造具有商業(yè)可行性的貨運無人機。

????有了成本不足2000美元的輕量化ADS-B模塊,無人機將具備態(tài)勢感知能力,從而使它們能夠與其他無人機、載人機以及現(xiàn)有的航空管制系統(tǒng)安全地共享同一空域。

????另一方面,位于華盛頓州貝爾維尤市的Echodyne公司正在嘗試將戰(zhàn)斗機使用的掃描雷達系統(tǒng)安裝在普通的四軸飛行器上。該公司已經(jīng)找到了一種替代笨重的雷達移相器的方法:一款用特殊合成材料(所謂“超材料”)制成的新型設備。

????Echodyne公司已經(jīng)在一臺四軸無人機上展示了它的小型電子掃描雷達。它可以追蹤地面上的某個人,或是在飛行中躲避障礙物,不過目前它仍然處于原型階段。

????Echodyne公司技術總監(jiān)湯姆?迪瑞斯科表示,他相信他的團隊可以將這款雷達的尺寸做到只有一臺iPhone 6 Plus大小,重量不超過1磅的設備——這對于目前市場上的大多數(shù)商用無人機來說已經(jīng)夠小了。另外,它的價格也遠低于復雜的掃描陣雷達。迪瑞斯科對《財富》表示:“我們的雷達解決方案的價格將在幾千到幾萬美元,不過我們認為1000美元以下的系統(tǒng)也是可行的?!?/p>

????如果達到這個價位,無論是否同時搭載ADS-B系統(tǒng),這種360度的空間感知技術都將為無人機提供它們目前亟需的“感知與躲避”能力。(財富中文網(wǎng))

????譯者:樸成奎

????審校:任文科

????The idea of skies filled with autonomous flying robots that change the way people interact with the world has grown in popularity amongst futurists and entrepreneurs alike. Largely absent from the public conversation is a discussion about the inherent shortcomings in unmanned aerial systems: namely that without a human pilot aerial vehicles are flying blind.

????Autonomous drones can fly extremely well, but they lack perception having zero awareness of other aircraft operating in their immediate vicinity. This makes the idea of dozens (hundreds, or even thousands) of commercial drones navigating the same airspace while avoiding obstacles like planes and power lines unfeasible. Factor in that the majority of aircrafts in the sky these days are manned and it becomes not only unrealistic but also potentially dangerous.

????But, this could be the year that all that change thanks to two decidedly unsexy technologies that are quietly undergoing mini-revolutions of their own. Neither is brand new, but both are falling precipitously in cost and size. These new breeds of radar and electronic systems could transform both the aviation industry and open the door to a genuine commercial drone revolution.

????The first technology, automatic dependent surveillance-broadcast (or ADS-B), is something most people only hear about after, say, an airliner vanishes like Malaysia Airlines 370 did last year.

????ADS-B is a pricey, and often heavy, on-board aircraft tracking technology that not only determines an aircraft’s own position in space via satellites, but also periodically broadcasts its position and direction. Each broadcast can be picked up not only by air traffic controller towers, but also critically by other aircraft in the area. The automated nature of ADS-B lends itself particularly well to robotic drones since computers are well-suited for the multitasking needed to track multiple aircraft at one time.

????Transportation authorities are slowly but surely moving toward making ADS-B an industry standard for all manned commercial aviation. Currently, ADS-B isn’t required on all aircraft. The still-missing Malaysia Airlines jet was not equipped with the technology, while GermanWings flight 9525 was

????In the U.S. plans are in place to add the technology to all flights as part of the FAA’s NextGen strategy to upgrade national airspace due to the enhanced safety it imparts.

????Small and inexpensive ADS-B units don’t just have major implications for general aviation but for unmanned navigation and guidance as well. If ADS-B components can be made small, lightweight and—most importantly—inexpensive, they could become industry standard for commercial drones as well.

????Enter Google GOOG -1.66% , which recently announced that its engineers have set out to develop small, lightweight ADS-B units that cost less than $2,000. “We think that—and we are going to do this—we will head-down the trajectory of putting into the marketplace really, really low-cost ADS-B solutions,” Dave Vos, the director of Google’s Project Wing, said during the International Civil Aviation Organization in March. Project Wing is Google’s latest initiative aimed at developing viable commercial delivery drones.

????Lightweight, sub-$2,000 ADS-B units would create situational awareness for drones allowing them to fly in shared airspace with both unmanned aviation and manned aviation as well as existing air traffic control systems.

????Similarly, a company out of Bellevue, Wa. called Echodyne is developing a way to incorporate the same kind of sophisticated scanning beam radar used by fighter jets—to scan and track objects—into the average quadrotor. The company has found a way to replace the typically bulky apparatus that directs radio waves—a mechanism known as a phase shifter—and replace it with a novel new device made from highly-tuned synthetic materials known as metamaterials.

????Echodyne has already been able to demonstrate a small electronically scanning radar on a quadrotor drone, one capable of tracking an individual on the ground or avoiding obstacles during flight, but is still prototyping.

????Echodyne’s CTO Tom Driscoll says he is confident that he and his team can get the size down to roughly that of an iPhone6 Plus and the weight down to less than one pound—plenty small for most commercially available drones on the market today. Moreover, the cost will be such that commercial drones could come standard with sophisticated scanning array radar. “Our canned answer is that Echodyne will be providing radar solutions in the thousands and tens of thousands of dollars,” Driscoll tells Fortune. “But we can feasibly see a sub-$1,000 system.”

????A 360-degree spatial awareness at that price point could—either alongside ADS-B or independent of it—provide the “sense-and-avoid” capability that drones today sorely lack.

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