????集團犯罪對經(jīng)濟和日常生活造成的影響，時不時地就會躍入我們的視線當(dāng)中。而近些時日最突出的例證，莫過于知名連鎖店家得寶（Home Depot）和塔吉特百貨(Target)的信用卡數(shù)據(jù)接連遭竊了。

????這些網(wǎng)絡(luò)安全事件往往占據(jù)新聞頭條，而且由于電子商務(wù)是個相對新鮮的事物，商家和顧客都不太清楚要如何防衛(wèi)黑客的攻擊，因此它們顯得十分恐怖。其實相比起有組織犯罪的全部收入，這不過是滄海一粟罷了。

????研究公司Javelin Strategy and Research在2013年的調(diào)查中估計，身份盜用每年給美國人造成的損失大約為200億美元。但這其中大部分都花在阻止或挽回身份盜用的損失上，而不是流進小偷的口袋里。再來看看毒品貿(mào)易和人口販賣等其他有組織犯罪的純收益：據(jù)美洲國家組織（Organization of American States）估算，美國每年僅可卡因銷售額就高達340億美元。再把其他毒品貿(mào)易、人口販賣、敲詐等收入加起來看，你就能很明顯地發(fā)現(xiàn)，盡管犯罪團伙總是在尋找新的生財之道，但他們的大多數(shù)收入還是來自那些傳統(tǒng)行當(dāng)。

????那么，全球最大的有組織犯罪集團究竟是哪些？他們是怎么掙錢的？我們很難估計團伙犯罪的收入，因為罪犯通常會花大量時間來隱藏他們的所得。而且，“有組織犯罪”也是個定義不太明確的概念。從大型的毒品走私集團到小規(guī)模的偷車賊，都可以被歸為有組織犯罪，而且全球范圍內(nèi)，不同犯罪集團的內(nèi)部凝聚力也大相徑庭。日本極道（Yazuka）等一些團伙組織有序、層級森嚴，因此日本的經(jīng)濟學(xué)家和打黑斗士們算出的極道組織總收入要遠遠高于世界其他犯罪組織。以下是根據(jù)預(yù)估收入排名列出的全球五大有組織犯罪集團：

????1、山口組(Yamaguchi Guri) 收入：800億美元

????全球已知的最大黑幫名為山口組，它與其他幾個日本團伙被統(tǒng)稱為“日本極道”，意思類似于美國的“黑手黨”。根據(jù)前日本國家警察局長菅沼宏光的介紹，山口組的最大收入來源是毒品貿(mào)易，其次是賭博和敲詐，“擺平糾紛”緊隨其后。

????日本極道的歷史可以追溯到好幾百年前?！都瘓F犯罪的經(jīng)濟史》（An Economic History of Organized Crime）的作者丹尼斯?麥卡錫表示，極道團伙是全球最為集權(quán)的組織之一。其他東亞團伙如中國的三合會（Triads）等，罪犯大多數(shù)是由家庭關(guān)系維系在一起，組織較為松散。而極道則有“精心設(shè)立的階層”，成員一旦入伙，就必須拋棄其他效忠對象，一心一意忠于極道。盡管近年來日本政府大力打擊極道，但這種集權(quán)化的結(jié)構(gòu)使得山口組可以輕易攫取大量財富。

????It’s tough to go even a few months without seeing the effects of organized crime on the economy and everyday life. The most salient example these days is the rash of thefts of credit card data from big-name retail chains like Home Depot and Target.

????While these threats are headline-grabbing and particularly frightening because e-commerce is a relatively new phenomenon and businesses and consumers aren’t totally sure how to protect themselves from hackers, it’s still a drop in the bucket in terms of overall organized crime earnings.

????A 2013 survey from Javelin Strategy and Research estimates that the annual total loss to Americans due to identity theft was roughly $20 billion. But much of those costs comes from efforts to prevent identity theft or recover from its effects, rather than what thieves earn from their crimes. Compare that to estimates of pure revenue from other forms of organized crime like the drug trade and human trafficking: the Organization of American States estimates that the revenue for cocaine sales in the U.S. has reached $34 billion annually. When you add the market for other illicit drugs and revenue generators like human trafficking and extortion, it becomes clear that organized crime is still making most of its money from its legacy businesses, despite the fact that criminals are always looking for new ways to make a buck.

????So, who are the biggest organized crime gangs around the world and how do they make their money? Organized crime revenues are very difficult to estimate, as criminals often spend a significant amount of time trying to hide what they make. Also, “organized crime” is a loosely defined concept. Anything from a vast drug smuggling ring to a handful of car thieves can be classified as organized crime groups, and the cohesiveness of organized crime organizations around the world varies widely. Some groups, like Japan’s Yakuza, are highly organized and hierarchical, allowing economists and crime fighters in Japan to attribute much higher revenue totals to Yakuza groups than others around the world. Here are the top five criminal gangs, ranked by revenue estimates:

????1. Yamaguchi Guri—Revenue: $80 billion

????The largest known gang in the world is called the Yamaguchi Guri, one of several groups collectively referred to in Japan as “Yakuza,” a term that is roughly equivalent to the American use of “mafia.” The Yamaguchi Guri make more money from drug trafficking than any other source, according to HiromitsuSuganuma, Japan’s former national police chief. The next two leading sources of revenue are gambling and extortion, followed closely by “dispute resolution.”

????The Yakuza date back hundreds of years, and according to Dennis McCarthy, author of An Economic History of Organized Crime, Yakuza groups are among the most centralized in the world. While other East Asian gangs like Chinese Triads, which are a loose conglomeration of criminals bonded together mostly by familial relations, Yakuza are bound together by “elaborate hierarchies,” and members, once initiated, must subvert all other allegiances in favor of the Yakuza. Even with the Japanese government cracking down on Yakuza in recent years, this centralized structure has made it easy to attribute a massive amount of revenue to this single gang.