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永不落地的無人機(jī)

永不落地的無人機(jī)

Clay Dillow 2013-08-29
美國一家航空初創(chuàng)公司研發(fā)的無人飛行器能在對流層頂連續(xù)飛上五年,不間斷地執(zhí)行交通監(jiān)控和邊境巡邏任務(wù),執(zhí)行空間衛(wèi)星絕大多數(shù)的任務(wù),甚至還能執(zhí)行衛(wèi)星無力承擔(dān)的邊境安保等任務(wù)。而且,這種飛行器的費(fèi)用只是空間衛(wèi)星的一個(gè)零頭。
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????眼下,當(dāng)尚處襁褓中的民用無人機(jī)行業(yè)還在設(shè)法優(yōu)化小型無人機(jī)(UAS),以執(zhí)行設(shè)備安保、基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施監(jiān)控或精準(zhǔn)農(nóng)業(yè)之類的特定任務(wù)時(shí),一家位于美國新墨西哥州的航空初創(chuàng)企業(yè)卻已經(jīng)有了更宏大、更長期的規(guī)劃。

????這家公司名叫“泰坦航空”(Titan Aerospace),是一家成立僅有一年、已獲風(fēng)投注資的航空器設(shè)計(jì)公司。它上周推出了兩款無人機(jī):Solara 50 和Solara 60。這是兩架碩大無朋、靠太陽能驅(qū)動(dòng)的高空飛機(jī),這家公司計(jì)劃讓它們一次性升空后在空中巡航數(shù)周、數(shù)月直至數(shù)年,中途完全無須降落。

????泰坦并沒有把這些概念機(jī)叫“遙控?zé)o人機(jī)”(drone),也不用這個(gè)行業(yè)所習(xí)稱的“無人機(jī)系統(tǒng)”,而是叫它們“大氣層衛(wèi)星”。因?yàn)樗鼈兙拖褴壍佬l(wèi)星一樣,能在空中長時(shí)間巡航逗留。這家公司希望將這個(gè)售價(jià)不到200萬美元的平臺(tái)賣給政府、私營企業(yè)和研究機(jī)構(gòu),讓它們只需付出衛(wèi)星成本的九牛一毛,就能在大氣層擁有自己的航天器。

????這家公司的理念是,這樣一臺(tái)大氣層衛(wèi)星就能執(zhí)行軌道衛(wèi)星的絕大多數(shù)任務(wù):大氣觀測和天氣監(jiān)測,通訊轉(zhuǎn)播,海洋研究和地球成像。而它所能完成的其他任務(wù)則是空間衛(wèi)星無能為力的,比如邊境安保、海上交通監(jiān)控,打擊海盜行動(dòng),災(zāi)害響應(yīng)以及農(nóng)業(yè)觀測。另外,Solara的續(xù)航時(shí)間長達(dá)五年,使用壽命和很多小型衛(wèi)星不相上下,使它們對上述應(yīng)用來說成了一個(gè)更具吸引力的選擇(更別提如果傳感器或是儀表壞了,還能讓它們降落,然后重新發(fā)射升空)。

????泰坦首席電氣工程師達(dá)斯汀?桑德斯說:“租用衛(wèi)星服務(wù)要耗費(fèi)巨資。發(fā)射衛(wèi)星也會(huì)耗資數(shù)十億美元。而我們要開發(fā)的是每臺(tái)航空器僅百萬美元級的平臺(tái),而且這個(gè)平臺(tái)的運(yùn)營成本幾乎為零——只需要花不多的錢就能了解實(shí)際載荷情況,確保這臺(tái)無人機(jī)不會(huì)出問題?!?/p>

????而其他長航太陽能概念無人機(jī)——包括航空環(huán)境公司(Aerovironment)的“全球觀察者”(Global Observer)和奎奈蒂克公司(一家英國國防科技公司——譯注)為波音公司(Boeing)開發(fā)的展示概念機(jī)“西風(fēng)”(Zephyr)——都沒能造出泰坦設(shè)想的長壽命大氣層衛(wèi)星,但泰坦的工程師認(rèn)為他們已經(jīng)基于以前的努力解決了一些棘手問題。比如,Solara 50和Solara 60翼展長達(dá)160多英尺的機(jī)翼上密集覆蓋著先進(jìn)的太陽能電池板,它們提供的電力不僅足夠白天黑夜飛行所用(電池白天存儲(chǔ)電力供晚上用),還足以供重達(dá)70磅的傳感器和儀器使用。

????While much of the nascent civilian unmanned aircraft industry looks at ways to optimize small unmanned aerial systems (UAS) for specific tasks such facility security, infrastructure inspection, or precision agriculture, a New Mexico-based aerospace startup is thinking bigger and longer-term.

????Titan Aerospace, a one-year-old venture-backed aircraft designer, last week unveiled its Solara 50 and Solara 60 unmanned aircraft. These are two massive solar-powered, high-altitude vehicles the company plans to send aloft for weeks, months, and eventually years at a time without ever having to land.

????Titan doesn't refer to these concept aircraft as "drones" or by the industry-preferred "unmanned aerial system," but instead calls them "atmospheric satellites" for their ability to remain aloft for extended periods of time just as orbital satellites do. The company hopes to provide a sub-$2 million platform that governments, private industry, and research institutions can put high into the atmosphere for extended periods of time for a fraction of the cost of a space satellite.

????The idea is that an atmospheric satellite can conduct most of the same operations as an orbital one: atmospheric observation and weather monitoring, communications relay, oceanographic research, and earth imaging. Other operations are impractical for space satellites, such as border security, maritime traffic monitoring and anti-piracy operations, disaster response, or agricultural observation. And with continuous flight time of up to five years, Solara's aircraft would have endurance on par with many small satellites, making them a more attractive option for a range of these applications (not to mention that if a sensor or instrument goes down, you can land and relaunch).

????"If you have to go up to the satellite and rent that service, that's a lot of money," says Dustin Sanders, Titan's chief electrical engineer. "And launching a satellite, that can be in the billions of dollars. We're trying to do a single-million-dollar-per-aircraft platform. And the operation cost is almost nothing -- you're paying some dude to watch the payload and make sure the aircraft doesn't do anything stupid."

????Other long-endurance solar UAS concepts -- including Aerovironment's (AVAV) Global Observer and QinetiQ's Zephyr, a demonstrator for a Boeing (BA) concept -- have had little success in generating the kind of long-term atmospheric satellite Titan envisions, but the company's engineers think they've worked around some of the thornier problems that have grounded previous efforts. For one, 160-foot-plus wingspans of the Solara 50 and Solara 60 will be covered edge-to-edge with advanced solar cell technology that will provide enough energy for both day and night flight (batteries will store power during the day for use at night) with enough left over to power up to 70 pounds of sensors and instruments.

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