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日本機(jī)器人敗走福島核電站

日本機(jī)器人敗走福島核電站

Michael Fitzpatrick 2013-03-22
福島核電站泄漏事故至今不能得到有效地處理。日本多年來雖然在機(jī)器人研發(fā)領(lǐng)域投入了大量資金和人力,但它們?cè)谶@次危機(jī)中并沒有派上用場,大量高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的工作仍然需要由人力來完成。

????日本遭受大地震重創(chuàng)之后已經(jīng)過去了兩年時(shí)間,該國的科學(xué)家和工程師仍然在嘗試研發(fā)發(fā)更先進(jìn)的技術(shù),以保護(hù)福島免受輻射侵害。不過由于研發(fā)進(jìn)展緩慢,而且制度存在缺陷,當(dāng)?shù)氐墓と巳匀粺o法采用更先進(jìn)的技術(shù)。

????日本雖以超級(jí)科技大國著稱,但在這次災(zāi)難中為了冷卻核反應(yīng)堆溫度,最終只能依靠空中潑水這類低技術(shù)含量的辦法。兩年前,強(qiáng)輻射讓工程師無法進(jìn)入核電站的關(guān)鍵損毀區(qū)域——今天依然如此。本以為能隨時(shí)待命的機(jī)器人明顯缺席了。日本需要花費(fèi)10到25億美元拆除福島核電站,而要讓它安全退役,還得花上40年。

????如今,有可能抵達(dá)位于反應(yīng)堆核心的污染重災(zāi)區(qū)的,只有尚處于研發(fā)階段的機(jī)器人。那么,擁有世界最先進(jìn)機(jī)器人(更不用說機(jī)器人數(shù)量最多)的日本為何之前沒能配置機(jī)器人,讓工人免于從事如此危險(xiǎn)的工作呢?

????后藤政志博士曾參與設(shè)計(jì)了福島第一核電站1號(hào)反應(yīng)堆密閉殼。他說:“最初,日本核能工業(yè)和政府都不認(rèn)為會(huì)發(fā)生這樣的事故。他們長期以來的觀點(diǎn)是,日本所有的反應(yīng)堆都‘絕對(duì)安全’。換句話說,當(dāng)局認(rèn)為,地震根本不會(huì)導(dǎo)致反應(yīng)堆熔毀,有必要事先準(zhǔn)備緊急預(yù)案或者機(jī)器人嗎?那樣做就等于承認(rèn)危險(xiǎn)確實(shí)存在,而他們一直否認(rèn)有任何危險(xiǎn)?!?/p>

????后藤說:“他們稱地震導(dǎo)致事故的可能性幾乎為零。因此,參與設(shè)計(jì)核反應(yīng)堆的公司被告知,并不強(qiáng)制要求該公司為核反應(yīng)堆密閉殼做抗震處理,但可以自愿無償進(jìn)行?!?/p>

????盡管建造和運(yùn)營反應(yīng)堆的東京電力公司(TEPCO)和政府當(dāng)局都知道現(xiàn)有的災(zāi)后應(yīng)急技術(shù)陳舊過時(shí),卻在準(zhǔn)備熔毀事故應(yīng)急方案(例如機(jī)器人救援)時(shí)幾乎無所作為。不論過去還是現(xiàn)在,廉價(jià)的核能對(duì)日本經(jīng)濟(jì)競爭力實(shí)在是太過重要了。

????幸運(yùn)的是,到目前為止,福島泄露的核輻射僅有切爾諾貝利核電站泄漏事故的十分之一。當(dāng)年,那所烏克蘭核電站的屋頂被掀翻,如煙囪一般將核微粒噴灑向四面八方。福島核電站被關(guān)閉,切爾諾貝利核電站卻沒有。全面的安全協(xié)議發(fā)揮了作用,避免了更大的災(zāi)難,但是目前反應(yīng)堆仍然不穩(wěn)定。然而問題是,現(xiàn)在的機(jī)器仍然無法從附近的反應(yīng)堆堆芯中安全地獲取正確的數(shù)據(jù)。日本核能監(jiān)察機(jī)構(gòu)原子力安全保安院(NISA)的嘉點(diǎn)森山承認(rèn):“很難搞清楚燃料究竟在哪。我們無法靠近,開展測量工作?!?/p>

????福島核電站的工人則處在事件最中心——這些不走運(yùn)的人承擔(dān)了這項(xiàng)任務(wù),每次只能在這些灑滿殘骸的核反應(yīng)堆建筑中工作很短的時(shí)間。輻射強(qiáng)到可以干擾電子設(shè)備,所有捐贈(zèng)給福島核電站的美國機(jī)器人都在任務(wù)中失去了聯(lián)系,一同失蹤的還有一臺(tái)名為“Quince”的日本機(jī)器人。因此,某些最危險(xiǎn)的任務(wù)還是只能通過人力來完成。

????Two years since a shudder in the Earth's crust devastated Japan, the country's scientists and engineers are still attempting to develop technologies to make Fukushima safe from radiation. But progress has been slow and—because of institutional failings—more advanced technologies have not been available to workers at the sire.

????A country known as a technological superpower ultimately had to rely on low-tech methods during the disaster, including dumping water from the air to cool the raging reactors. High radiation levels prevented engineers from approaching critically damaged areas at the plant two years ago—and still does so today. Robots that some expected to be on call were conspicuously absent. The country faces a bill of between $1 billion and $2.5 billion dollars to dismantle the Fukushima plant, and 40 years until it is safely decommissioned.

????Only now are robots being developed that might be able to access the most contaminated areas within the shattered reactors' cores. So how did Japan, with the worlds' most "advanced" robots (not to mention the biggest population of them), fail to deploy the machines that might have spared dangerous human toil?

????"For a start," says Dr. Masashi Goto who worked on designing containment vessels of Mark-1 reactors like those at Fukushima Daiichi, "neither Japan's nuclear power industry nor the government concede that an accident like this could ever happen. They have long held that all of Japan reactors are 'absolutely safe.'" In other words, why prepare emergency backups or robots for the event of a quake-induced meltdown when the authorities denied such a thing could ever happen? Doing so would acknowledge a danger perpetually denied.

????"They said that accidents owing to earthquakes would be minimal," adds Goto. "As a consequence the companies involved in designed these reactors were told only to make 'voluntary efforts to make the reactors' containment vessel quake proof."

????Although TEPCO the firm that built and ran the reactors, and the authorities knew disaster response technology on hand was old, little was done to provide backups, such as robots, in the event of a meltdown. Cheap nuclear power was—and still is—too important to Japan's economic competitiveness.

????Luckily, so far radiation released from Fukushima is only one tenth of Chernobyl's. The Ukrainian plant blew its top, literally, and spewed, chimney like, nuclear fallout far and wide. Daiichi shutdown, Chernobyl did not. Enough safety protocols functioned to avert an even larger disaster, but the reactors remain unstable. Still, the fact is that no machine exists that can safely obtain proper readings from near the radioactive cores. "It will be difficult to explain where the fuel is. We can't get close enough for proper measurements," admits Yoshinori Moriyama, of Japan's nuclear watchdog NISA.

????At the centre of all this are the Daiichi workers—those unlucky enough to have the task, limited to a few moments at a time, of labouring inside the debris-strewn reactor buildings. With radiation high enough to sabotage electronics, American robots donated to the Daiichi plant have been missing in action, along with a Japanese robot dubbed Quince. Human labor for some of the most dangerous tasks has had to substitute.

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