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日本陷入創(chuàng)新泥潭

日本陷入創(chuàng)新泥潭

Michael Fitzpatrick 2012-11-14
日本企業(yè)一心求變,然而,日本社會卻充斥著雞毛蒜皮、前景不明的小發(fā)明。比如TOTO的一個新型馬桶能以160公里的時速射出一個足球;再比如,松下的“幸福雪柜”,得沖它微笑,它才會開門。日本的研發(fā)資本和聰明才智都浪費(fèi)在了這些不關(guān)痛癢的新奇玩意上面,它的電子產(chǎn)品卻已經(jīng)風(fēng)光不再。

????日本企業(yè)的研發(fā)經(jīng)費(fèi)都沖到馬桶里去了嗎?日本領(lǐng)先的高科技衛(wèi)浴設(shè)備制造商東陶集團(tuán)(TOTO)推出的一些創(chuàng)新產(chǎn)品表明,情況似乎確實(shí)如此。該公司推出了一款新型馬桶,它居然能以160公里的時速射出一個足球。這個古怪而又了不起的科技產(chǎn)物充分顯示了日本馳名已久的獨(dú)創(chuàng)精神。這個過分夸張的精巧裝置同時也表明,日本企業(yè)所花的大量研發(fā)經(jīng)費(fèi)到底在哪兒出了岔子。

????日本的一些企業(yè)老是搞這么多似乎雞毛蒜皮、沒有前途的小發(fā)明,這早就讓東京的技術(shù)咨詢師林信行覺得惱火了。他說,要理解這類現(xiàn)象,就要了解日本人的思維定勢和教育體系。他的觀點(diǎn)是:“日本人容易把手段當(dāng)成目的。在日本的學(xué)校里,記住入學(xué)考試中那些難題的題型,要比探究事物的本質(zhì)重要得多?!?/p>

????另外一些人則認(rèn)為,對一個制造型經(jīng)濟(jì)來說,這種一門心思是有效的,但它卻讓日本企業(yè)走向數(shù)字經(jīng)濟(jì)的轉(zhuǎn)型之路變得異常艱難。笠原吉川是東京大學(xué)的(Tokyo's University)一名研究員,他已為韓國的電子巨頭三星公司(Samsung)效力了10年之久。在他看來,日本的這些技術(shù)型公司,例如擁有巨大研發(fā)中心的電訊巨頭Docomo公司之所以無法影響市場,就是因為他們對全新的市場不夠了解,或者不愿做出改變來適應(yīng)它。他說:“日本也許擁有很優(yōu)秀的技術(shù)創(chuàng)新,但對企業(yè)來說,這已不再是一種競爭優(yōu)勢。因為日本的設(shè)計太貴,還缺乏蘋果(Apple)和三星那樣的市場洞察力?!彼囊馑?,換言之就是這些日本企業(yè)沒有提供消費(fèi)者想要的產(chǎn)品。

????隨著日本經(jīng)濟(jì)陷入更深層次的衰退,日本幾大消費(fèi)電子巨頭令人震驚的慘淡銷售數(shù)字更證明了這一點(diǎn)——盡管日本每年的專利申請數(shù)量在全球僅次于美國和中國。實(shí)際上,據(jù)世界知識產(chǎn)權(quán)組織(World Intellectual Property Organization)的最新數(shù)據(jù)稱,2010年日本的專利申請量為344,598件,僅次于美國的500萬件,占世界專利申請總量大約18%。

????批評人士稱,這個輝煌數(shù)字掩蓋了一個事實(shí),即大量專利常常是挪用、或者模仿美國原型,做一些小改進(jìn)而已。勞埃德解釋說:“研究人員都有專利配額,哪怕是一點(diǎn)小改進(jìn),他們也被鼓勵拿去申報專利。實(shí)際上,這被看成是一種練習(xí),而不是研發(fā)那些往往風(fēng)險和投入都同樣巨大的突破性技術(shù)?!彼a(bǔ)充說,對日本人來說,從其他國家拿來最好的技術(shù)并在本國應(yīng)用是最高效的做法?!熬瓦@方面來看,日本的技術(shù)研發(fā)并不生產(chǎn)初級產(chǎn)品,而是生產(chǎn)有用的產(chǎn)品?!?/p>

????與此同時,日本的研發(fā)產(chǎn)出正在下降。從地域來看,北美企業(yè)的研發(fā)支出增長率為9.7%,略高于全球平均值9.6%,而日本企業(yè)的增長僅為5.4%。實(shí)際上,日本企業(yè)可能對長期規(guī)劃和巨額研發(fā)投入這種模式喪失了信心,過去正是這種模式能收回那些失敗產(chǎn)品,推出轟動一時的新品。過去十年來,日本的消費(fèi)電子業(yè)口口聲聲要實(shí)施變革,甚至強(qiáng)有力的官方輿論也努力推動它們進(jìn)行改革,但結(jié)果卻徒勞無功。

????Is Japan's research and development spending going down the toilet? Some of the innovation, for example, at the country's leading high-tech?lavatory maker Toto, suggests perhaps so. The company has developed a new washroom model that is inexplicably capable of?shooting a soccer ball at 160 kilometers-per-hour. This bizarre and wonderful piece of technology showcases the ingenuity Japan is famous for. The overly ornate contraption could also symbolize where much of research and development spending by Japanese companies has gone wrong.

????That some in Japan pursue so many seemingly trivial, unwarranted inventions has long vexed Tokyo-based technology consultant Nobuyuki Hayashi. His explanation, he says, is to understand the Japanese mind-set and educational system. "[The] Japanese tend to mistake the means for the end. At Japanese schools it's more important to memorize the patter of tricky questions presented at the entrance exam than to study the real nature of things," he argues.

????This type of focus, others agree, was useful for a manufacturing economy but makes the transformation into a digital economy?difficult for Japan Inc. Tech companies, such as Docomo with its vast R&D centers, are failing to make an impact because they don't understand or are not willing to change to suit the new market says researcher at Tokyo's University, Ryozo Yoshikawa who spent 10 years working for Samsung, the Korean giant. "Japan may have superior technological innovation, but this is no longer a competitive advantage for businesses because Japanese designs are too expensive and lack the savvy that the likes of Apple (AAPL) and Samsung have." In other words, he says they are not offering what the consumers want.

????As Japan slides deeper into recession, the proof is in the appalling sales figures of consumer electronics makers -- despite the fact that Japan is third after the US and China for the number of patents filed each year. In fact, Japan put in for 344,598 patents in 2010 according to the latest figures from World Intellectual Property Organization. That's just behind the USA's half-million applications and nearly 18% of the world total.

????Critics say that this impressive figure masks the fact that many patents are focused on small incremental improvements often using and imitating an American model. "Researchers are set patent quotas and are encouraged to file on any minor improvement," explains Lloyd. "Indeed, it's considered a learning exercise, and rather than creating breakthrough technologies which typically entail high risk and expense." He adds that it is highly efficient for Japan to get the best technologies from other countries and apply them at home. "In this respect Japan's tech R&D doesn't produce raw products, but it does produce useful outputs."

????Meanwhile, R&D output is falling in Japan. Regionally, companies based in North America grew their R&D spending by 9.7% -- slightly above the global average of 9.6% -- while Japanese firms grew theirs at 5.4%. Indeed, Japanese companies may be losing faith in the long term-planing and heavy R&D spending model that was able to absorb the misses as well as generate the hits in the past. Over the last 10 years Japan's consumer electronics industry promised reform and even the country's powerful mandarins tried to push them to evolve to no avail.

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