成人小说亚洲一区二区三区,亚洲国产精品一区二区三区,国产精品成人精品久久久,久久综合一区二区三区,精品无码av一区二区,国产一级a毛一级a看免费视频,欧洲uv免费在线区一二区,亚洲国产欧美中日韩成人综合视频,国产熟女一区二区三区五月婷小说,亚洲一区波多野结衣在线

立即打開
騎士資本45分鐘損失4.4億美元之謎

騎士資本45分鐘損失4.4億美元之謎

Stephen Gandel 2012-08-06
上周三早晨9點30分,美國股市開盤,紐約證交所新系統(tǒng)與騎士資本新電腦系統(tǒng)同時上線,不久騎士電腦系統(tǒng)就開始無緣無故地瘋狂買進、賣出數(shù)百萬股股票,導致騎士公司損失了4.4億美元。交易所與造市商之間的高頻交易爭奪戰(zhàn)不僅給華爾街造成了巨大損失,可能也會危及你我這些普通的股民。

????現(xiàn)實生活中鮮有巧合,這次可能也不是巧合:就在騎士資本公司(Knight Capital Group)的電腦幾乎摧毀市場、45分鐘內(nèi)造成該公司損失4.40億美元的同一天,紐約證券交易所(New York Stock Exchange)推出了一套新型交易系統(tǒng),目的就是為了從類似騎士公司這樣的造市商手中奪回業(yè)務。

????過去五年左右,圍繞誰來完成普通投資者的股票買賣指令展開了一場拉鋸戰(zhàn)。過去此類指令都是在紐約證交所的交易池內(nèi)發(fā)生的。如今,個人指令幾乎沒有機會進入這家交易所進行交易。這些指令都被截流了,轉(zhuǎn)向騎士公司或其主要競爭對手Citadel公司、花旗(Citigroup)和瑞銀(UBS)的電腦系統(tǒng),由這些系統(tǒng)對匯集的數(shù)百萬交易指令進行撮合。

????而且,這些公司從紐約證交所分流交易的速度持續(xù)加快。2009年,有約15%的交易從紐約證交所分流。如今,在紐約證交所上市的股票有約1/3的交易是在其他地方完成的。

????不清楚為何這場圍繞個人股票交易的爭奪戰(zhàn)如此激烈。騎士基于所謂的指令流向經(jīng)紀人支付傭金,并承諾個人所獲價格略優(yōu)于能在證交所獲得的價格。指令輸入騎士電腦系統(tǒng)后,由電腦用閃電般迅速的交易算法計算出如何在其剛剛付清的交易指令上賺錢。這就是人們所知的高頻交易的一部分。

????有些人說,造市商提供了服務。其他人說,騎士和其他公司找出個人投資者的交易指令,將這些指令視為簡易交易流,更易撮合交易。顯然,騎士和其他公司已經(jīng)想出方法如何在你我的股票交易中賺錢,我們自己對此可能一無所知,但仍以某種方式為此買單。經(jīng)營交易研究公司Nanex的埃里克?斯科特?亨塞德估計,過去七年造市商通過快速執(zhí)行這些個人投資者和其他人的交易指令創(chuàng)造了50億美元的利潤。

????上周三,騎士損失4.40億美元的當天,紐約證交所推出了自己的電腦驅(qū)動交易系統(tǒng)“零售流動性計劃”(Retail Liquidity Program,簡稱RLP),希望藉此能奪回一些被造市商搶去的交易量。與騎士一樣,紐約證交所的RLP電腦運用算法來找出何時能提供比他人略優(yōu)的價格,搶回股票交易,這次則是從騎士和其他造市商手中奪回。

????騎士稱,它遇到的電腦問題與紐約證交所的新交易系統(tǒng)相關(guān),但沒有具體說明到底是什么原因??梢哉f明問題的是,騎士電腦執(zhí)行的所有虛構(gòu)交易所涉股票都是紐約證交所上市股票。可能是騎士試圖升級其自身算法,循環(huán)繞開紐約證交所的新系統(tǒng)。但不知怎么就搞砸了。上周三早晨9點30分,美國股市開盤,紐約證交所新系統(tǒng)與騎士新電腦系統(tǒng)同時上線,不久騎士電腦系統(tǒng)便開始毫無理由地瘋狂買進、賣出數(shù)百萬股股票。

????通常情況下這應當不會產(chǎn)生任何實際損失。這些交易都不是真實指令,因此騎士系統(tǒng)應該只是自買自賣。但高頻交易不同。當其他電腦系統(tǒng)發(fā)現(xiàn)交易活動增加時,它們也會參與進來。

????10點15分,騎士結(jié)束了這一錯誤算法。但此時已經(jīng)產(chǎn)生了損失。騎士損失了4.40億美元。很多股票,包括沃倫?巴菲特的伯克希爾哈撒韋(Berkshire Hathaway)都出現(xiàn)了猛漲猛跌,我們對市場的信念再次遭到動搖。

????理論上我們應當從這樣的競爭中獲益,拿到越來越低的交易價格。但事實上,騎士以及如今紐約證交所提供的“價格優(yōu)惠”只是以毫厘計。最理想狀況下,這些系統(tǒng)也只能給我們帶來一個穩(wěn)定性更差的市場。最糟的情況下,這些系統(tǒng)會從我們口袋里偷錢。

????這起案件清楚地表明,我們需要監(jiān)管機構(gòu)的介入。如果它還不能說明這個問題,我不知道還有什么可以。

????譯者:早稻米

????In life there are few coincidences, and this one probably isn't either: The day Knight Capital Group's computers nearly blew up the market and lost the firm $440 million in 45 minutes is the same day that the New York Stock Exchange (NYX) launched a new trading system that was, in part, meant to take business away from Knight (KCG).

????For the past half decade or so, there has been a tug of war over who completes the buy and sell orders for stocks that average investors like you and I make. It used to happen in the pits of the NYSE. These days, almost none of the trades that folks like you and I make ever get to the exchange. Instead, they get cut off, diverted into the computer systems of Knight or its main competitors Citadel, Citigroup and UBS, which match those with the millions of other orders they collect.

????And the pace at which these firms have been able to divert traffic from the NYSE has been accelerating. In 2009, about 15% of all trades took place away from the NYSE. Now about a third of all the trades in NYSE-listed shares happen elsewhere.

????It's not clear why this battle over individual stock trades is so pitched. Knight pays brokers for its so-called order flow. And it guarantees that individuals get a slightly better price than what they would get at the exchange. Those stock trades get fed into Knight's computers, which use lightning fast trading algorithms to figure out how to make money off the orders the firm has just paid up for. This is, in part, the high frequency trading that you have heard about.

????Some say that market makers provide a service. Others say Knight and others seek out the orders of individual investors because they view those orders as so-called dumb flow and easier to trade against. What is clear is that Knight and others have figured out how to make money off the stock trades of you and me in ways that we can't detect but we probably pay for somehow. Eric Scott Hunsader, who runs trading research firm Nanex, estimates market makers have been able to generate $5 billion in profits rapidly trading the orders of individual investors and others in the past seven years.

????On Wednesday, the same day that Knight lost $440 million, the NYSE launched its own computer driven trading system, called the Retail Liquidity Program, that the exchange hopes will reclaim some of the trading volume it has lost to market makers. Like Knight, the NYSE's RLP computers use algorithms to figure out when it makes sense to offer a slightly better price than what others are offering, and snatch up stock trades, this time away from Knight and others.

????Knight says the computer problems it ran into had to do with NYSE's new trading system, but it didn't say what. Tellingly, all of the stocks that Knight's computers did bogus trades in were listed on the NYSE. It's likely that Knight tried to upgrade its own algorithm to allow its computers to do an end around the NYSE's new system. But it messed up somehow. Instead, Knight's computer system, launched at the same time as the NYSE's, went on a trading frenzy, buying and selling millions of shares for no reason shortly after both systems were switched on, at when the market opened at 9:30 Wednesday morning.

????Normally that shouldn't have produced any real losses. These weren't actual orders, so Knight's system should have just been buying and selling to itself. But that's not how the world of high frequency trading works. When other traders, i.e. computer systems, saw the spike in activity, they jumped in too.

????Knight disabled the faulty algorithm by 10:15. But by then the damage was done. Knight was out $440 million. A number of stocks, including Warren Buffett's Berkshire Hathaway (BRKB), had gyrated up and down, and our faith in the market was shaken once again.

????In theory, we should all benefit from this competition, being able to trade at cheaper and cheaper prices. But in practice the "price improvements" that Knight and now NYSE offer are fractions of a fraction of a penny. At best, what we are getting in return is a market that is less stable. At worst, we are getting a system that is picking our pockets.

????If this isn't a clear case where we need regulators to step in, I don't know what is.

掃描二維碼下載財富APP
国产精品一区二区在线播放观看| 免费A级毛片无码免费视| 好爽进去了视频在线观看国版| 天天日天天干天天操天天射| 无码人妻丰满熟妇区免费| 国产精品99久久免费观看| 久久天天澡狠狠澡夜夜2020| 少妇被粗大的猛烈进出VA视频| 日韩精品爆乳高清在线观看视频| 露脸外围女Av剧情在线观看| 日本爽快片18禁片免费久久| 婷婷妺妺窝人体色www久久| 性生生活大片又黄又| 亚洲麻豆av无码成人片在线观看| 欧美精品亚洲精品日韩传电影| 国产亚洲视频在线观看| 久久精品国产亚洲AV麻豆色欲| 免费亚洲av无码精品网站| 欧美xxxx黑人又粗又长| 日韩精品中文字幕无码无卡 | 久久AⅤ无码精品色午麻豆| 亚洲无毛系列_国产精品视频综合区| 无码不卡免费高清中文字幕| 精品国产高清久久久久久| 精品亚洲AV无码区最新| 国产精品内射视频免费| 日日操天天操夜夜操| 人妻午夜不卡中文无码| 久久久久久国产精品免费免费男同| 久久亚洲精品无码Av香大香| 亚洲AV久无精品一区二区国产| 777久久精品一区二区三区无码| 国产专区一线二线三线品牌| 亚洲AV无码国产精品麻豆天美| 人妻丰满熟妇一区二区三| 亚洲欧美日韩国产成人一区| 2024精品国产福利在线观看| 欧美最猛黑人XXXXX猛交| 星空影院免费观看电影| 青青久在线视频免费观看| 国产片AV不卡在线观看|