馬自達(dá)前景堪憂(yōu)
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????單看今年在美國(guó)的銷(xiāo)售業(yè)績(jī)，馬自達(dá)汽車(chē)公司（Mazda Motor Corp.）可謂順風(fēng)順?biāo)?，風(fēng)光無(wú)限。但是，真實(shí)情況則要黯淡得多。這家公司在美國(guó)的員工原本就規(guī)模有限，但它還在努力精簡(jiǎn)人員。與此同時(shí)，它把未來(lái)押在了在墨西哥新開(kāi)設(shè)的一個(gè)裝配廠身上。 ????長(zhǎng)期以來(lái)，依靠生產(chǎn)充滿(mǎn)運(yùn)動(dòng)感和駕駛樂(lè)趣，又價(jià)格低廉的汽車(chē)，馬自達(dá)一直在各家汽車(chē)廠商中占據(jù)著獨(dú)特的地位。20世紀(jì)80年代晚期，它推出了米埃塔（Miata）。這款輕盈的雙座跑車(chē)成了世界上最暢銷(xiāo)的跑車(chē)，也是有史以來(lái)知名度最高的汽車(chē)之一，堪與大眾的甲殼蟲(chóng)（Bug）和雪佛蘭的Corvette媲美。它敢為天下先，保守的廠商不愿生產(chǎn)的產(chǎn)品，它當(dāng)仁不讓?zhuān)ㄍ瞥霾捎脛?chuàng)新型旋缸引擎的車(chē)型。 ????可是現(xiàn)在，馬自達(dá)也感受到了切膚之痛。今年2月，這家以生產(chǎn)動(dòng)感車(chē)型而著稱(chēng)的公司也遭受到沉重打擊。它宣布，在將于3月31日結(jié)束的這一財(cái)年，公司預(yù)計(jì)將虧損1,000億日元（12.1億美元）。這一巨額虧損與馬自達(dá)過(guò)于倚重日本生產(chǎn)基地的生產(chǎn)模式密切相關(guān)。在日元對(duì)外國(guó)貨幣急速升值的大背景下，這一做法成為虧損的根源。 ????3月7日，馬自達(dá)成功售出價(jià)值19億美元的股票。這筆資金部分將用于將于2013年春在墨西哥建成的工廠建設(shè)。幾天后，公司又宣布，將為其在美國(guó)的701名雇員提供一次性買(mǎi)斷合同（即裁員——譯注）。馬自達(dá)的股票業(yè)績(jī)?cè)谌毡景舜笃?chē)廠商中一直處于墊底的位置。 ????經(jīng)濟(jì)預(yù)測(cè)公司環(huán)球透視公司（IHS Global Insight）的分析師呂蓓卡?林德蘭的看法是：“馬自達(dá)在美國(guó)的這輪裁員讓我們猝不及防，因?yàn)槲覀儧](méi)從其他兩家規(guī)模較小的日本廠商，也就是三菱汽車(chē)公司（Mitsubishi）和鈴木汽車(chē)公司（Suzuki）身上發(fā)現(xiàn)類(lèi)似的舉措。用美元銷(xiāo)售，卻用日元生產(chǎn)，馬自達(dá)這么做是不可能賺錢(qián)的。這是種讓人傾家蕩產(chǎn)的模式。” ????馬自達(dá)在美國(guó)汽車(chē)市場(chǎng)的占有率為2.4%。2012年頭兩個(gè)月，馬自達(dá)的銷(xiāo)量上升了47.5%，這很大程度上要?dú)w功于馬自達(dá)3的熱銷(xiāo)。這款車(chē)和本田汽車(chē)（Honda）的思域（Civic）以及豐田汽車(chē)（Toyota）的花冠（Corolla）屬于同級(jí)車(chē)。但是一些評(píng)論人士稱(chēng)，它要顯得更時(shí)尚。然而，林德蘭稱(chēng)：“馬自達(dá)從日本進(jìn)口這款車(chē)，不可能賺錢(qián)。” ????相反，思域、花冠以及其他與馬自達(dá)3同級(jí)的車(chē)型都在北美生產(chǎn)。從貨幣換算和物流成本的角度看，這就能讓它們擁有更大的利潤(rùn)空間。目前，馬自達(dá)70%的生產(chǎn)在日本進(jìn)行，而公司希望將這一比例降至50%。 |
????Judging by U.S. sales so far this year, Mazda Motor Corp. looks to be on a roll. The reality, however, is far gloomier as the Japanese automaker struggles to shrink its already-lean U.S. staff while betting its future on a new Mexican assembly plant. ????Mazda has long occupied an idiosyncratic position among car makers, making sporty, fun-to-drive vehicles that don't cost much to own. In the late-1980s, it introduced the Miata, a lightweight two-seater that became the world's best-selling roadster as well as one of the most recognizable cars ever made, much like the Volkswagen Bug or Chevrolet (GM) Corvette. It was willing to make products more conservative manufacturers wouldn't, including models using an innovative rotary engine. ????Now, Mazda is in pain. The hammer dropped for the spitfire car company in February when it announced that it expected to lose 100 billion yen ($1.21 billion) for the fiscal year ending March 31. The loss stems from Mazda's heavy reliance on Japanese-base production at a time of steep appreciation in value of the yen against foreign currencies. ????On March 7, Mazda successfully undertook at $1.9 billion share sale to raise capital to be used in part to build a plant in Mexico by the spring of 2013. A few days later the automaker said it was offering buyouts to some of its 701 U.S. employees. Mazda stock has been the worst performer among Japan's eight largest automakers. ????"The U.S. buyouts caught us off guard, because we hadn't seen similar moves from two other small Japanese carmakers, Mitsubishi and Suzuki," says Rebecca Lindland, an analyst for IHS Global Insight. "Mazda can't make money selling in dollars and manufacturing in yen. It's a formula for losing your shirt." ????With 2.4% of the U.S. car market, Mazda sales rose 47.5% in the first two months of 2012, largely on the strength of the Mazda 3. That model is about the same size as a Honda (HMC) Civic or Toyota (TM) Corolla – but much hipper, according to reviewers. "You can't make money importing them from Japan," says Lindland. ????In contrast, the Civic, Corolla and other contenders in the Mazda 3's segment are built in North America, which helps make them profitable, from the standpoint of currency translation and transportation costs. Mazda currently builds 70% of its production in Japan, a level it would like to reduce to 50%. |
