????康涅狄格州哈特福德三一學(xué)院（Trinity College）的經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家文貫中表示，近年來中國私營企業(yè)紛紛走向海外也反映了國內(nèi)商業(yè)環(huán)境的惡化，因?yàn)檎嗖A大型國企。2008、2009年金融危機(jī)肆虐時(shí)，中國政府高達(dá)5,860億美元的經(jīng)濟(jì)刺激方案有很大一部分都流向了地方政府和國企，為它們提供了慷慨的稅收減免以及優(yōu)先獲得土地和國有銀行貸款等一系列優(yōu)惠措施。私營企業(yè)面臨著歧視以及來自國企的不公平競爭。

????因此，它們放眼別處，以尋求發(fā)展。中國人民大學(xué)（Renmin University）海外投資專家劉俊海（音譯）表示，中國大多數(shù)私營企業(yè)都將美國列為首選海外投資地，因?yàn)槊绹哂小俺墒焱该鞯馁Y本市場(chǎng)，獨(dú)立完善的法律體系，先進(jìn)的技術(shù)和高素質(zhì)的工人?！?近年來的一些成功案例也強(qiáng)化了這一印象，比如聯(lián)想（Lenovo）收購了IBM的個(gè)人電腦業(yè)務(wù)，中國大型工程機(jī)械制造商三一集團(tuán)（SANY）在喬治亞州開設(shè)了一家工廠，等等。

文化沖突？

????中國對(duì)美直接投資已從2008年的12億美元增至2011年的65億美元。僅在加州，中國公司近年來就已收購了洛杉磯市中心的萬豪酒店（Marriott Hotel）、洛杉磯環(huán)球影城的喜來登環(huán)球酒店（Sheraton Universal Hotel）以及新港海灘的Balboa Bay Club & Resort度假村酒店和Newport Beach Country Club酒店。此外，一位中國投資者還收購了位于加州河濱的房車公司MVP RV，向中國出口露營車。

????盡管如此，這些見諸于報(bào)端或不為公眾所知的投資交易還只是中國對(duì)外直接投資總額中很小的一部分。對(duì)美投資只占中國對(duì)外直接投資總額的3-4%。中國近90%的對(duì)外投資仍流向亞洲、南美和非洲的項(xiàng)目。

????原因可能是因?yàn)閷?duì)美投資也并非總是一帆風(fēng)順。固然，中國政府繁瑣的審批審查程序限制了對(duì)美直接投資，但劉俊海表示，近來美國的“監(jiān)管威懾”同樣令人卻步。2011年，美國外國投資委員會(huì)（Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States）以“國家安全”為由，阻止了多起中國國企的數(shù)宗大型并購，包括全球第二大移動(dòng)電信基礎(chǔ)設(shè)備商華為技術(shù)有限公司（Huawei Technologies）、中國鞍鋼集團(tuán)（the Chinese Anshan Iron and Steel Group）和中國航空巨頭中航通用飛機(jī)有限責(zé)任公司（General Aircraft）?！斑@些有歧視之嫌的行為讓國內(nèi)企業(yè)望而卻步，不論是國企還是私企”劉俊海補(bǔ)充稱。

????紐約服裝制造商Joe Zhang來自中國，20世紀(jì)80年代末在美國開設(shè)了自己的公司。他認(rèn)為，私營企業(yè)相對(duì)而言更容易與監(jiān)管部門打交道。他說：“私營企業(yè)的投資范圍較小，收購目標(biāo)限于服裝、汽車、商住房地產(chǎn)、金融和家用電器等行業(yè)，這些都不太可能被美國國會(huì)否決?！?/p>

????James Wen, an economist at Trinity College in Hartford, Connecticut, says the recent push by private enterprises also reflects tougher conditions in China, where the administration favors mega state-owned enterprises. At the height of the financial crisis in 2008 and 2009, the Chinese government allocated a lion's share of its $586 billion stimulus money to local governments and state enterprises, offering them generous tax breaks and preferred access to land and state bank loans. Private companies face discrimination and unfair competition from state enterprises.

????And so they looked elsewhere. Liu Junhai, an expert on overseas investment at the Beijing-based Renmin University, says most private companies in China put the U.S. as their top destination because of its "mature and transparent capital market, independent and comprehensive legal systems, advanced technology and high-quality workers." Recent successes by companies like Lenovo, which purchased IBM's PC division, and SANY, a large Chinese concrete machinery manufacturer that opened up a plant in Georgia, have reinforced the perception.

Culture clash?

????China's ODI in the U.S. has increased from $1.2 billion in 2008 to $6.5 billion in 2011. In California alone, Chinese companies have recently purchased the Marriott Hotel in downtown Los Angeles, the Sheraton Universal Hotel in Universal City, and the Balboa Bay Club & Resort and the Newport Beach Country Club in Newport Beach. Meanwhile, a Chinese investor has acquired the Riverside, California-based MVP RV to export recreational vehicles to China.

????Despite these reported or under-the-radar investments, the amount is still relatively small compared to China's overall ODI. Investment in the U.S. makes up just 3% to 4% of China's total ODI activities. Nearly 90% still goes to projects in Asia, South America and Africa.

????That may be because it's not always easy. While the Chinese government's cumbersome approval and review process has restricted the volume of investment in the U.S, the recent "regulatory scares" in the U.S. have not helped either, says Liu. In 2011, the Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States cited "national security" concerns when it blocked several major acquisitions by Chinese state-run enterprises Huawei Technologies, the world's second-largest supplier of mobile telecom infrastructure equipment, the Chinese Anshan Iron and Steel Group and China's aviation giant General Aircraft. "The seemingly discriminatory actions have deterred companies, both in the public and private sectors," adds Liu.

????Joe Zhang, a New York-based clothing manufacturer from China, who started his business in the U.S. in the late 1980s, believes private enterprises will have a relatively easier time with regulators. "The scope of private investment is smaller, and their targets are limited to industries such as clothing, automobiles, commercial and residential real estate, finance and home electronics, none of which is likely to be blocked by Congress," he says.